History & Trends in Health Care

1. History & Trends inHealth Care TPJ 3M Academy 2010

2. Ancient Times • Disease and illness caused by evil spirits and demons, punishments from the gods, • Treatments tried to eliminate the evil spirits, religious rites were used to restore health • Exploring the human body was difficult because most religions did not allow dissection

3. Egyptians • First to keep health records – kept by priests and written on stone

4. Chinese • Strong belief in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the body • Holistic health stressing the entire patient; body, mind and soul

5. Greeks • Hippocrates (ca 430-377 BC) – “The father of medicine”- kept records. These records helped establish that disease is caused by natural causes NOT supernatural spirits or demons • First to stress good diet and cleanliness to help prevent disease

6. Romans • Realised that some diseases were connected with filth, contaminated water and poor sanitation • Created sanitation systems, built sewers, aquaducts • Drained marshland to reduce malaria • Implemented laws to keep streets clean and eliminate garbage

7. Dark Ages • After the fall of the Roman empire the study of medicine stopped • Individuals again lived in unsanitary conditions • Little or no personal hygiene • Epidemics arose; smallpox, dysentry, typhus, bubonic plague

8. Middle Ages • Renewed interest in medical practices of the Greeks and Romans • Handwritten records were kept • Medical universities arose (9th century) • Arabic states began to train and expect physicians to pass exams to obtain licences

9. 1300s • 75% of the population of Europe and Asia died of Bubonic plague • Smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria killed many others • Average lifespan – 20-35 years • Infant mortality was high

10. The Renaissance (1350-1650 AD) • The “rebirth of science and medicine” • Dissection of human corps was allowed and was the source of much of the new knowledge • Artists; Michelangelo and da Vinci were able to draw the human body accurately • Development of printing presses allowed for publications of medical books • Knowledge spread more rapidly • Physicians were more educated

11. The 16th – 18th centuries • William Harvey – circulation of blood • Gabriel Fallopius- tympanic membrane in the ear and the fallopian tube • Bartolomeo Eustachio – tube connecting ear and throat • Anton van Leeuwenhoek – created the microscope • Edward Jenner- Smallpox vaccine • Lifespan- 40-50 years

12. Industrial Revolution- The 19th century • Major progress because of the development of machines and the access to books • Rene Naennec – invented the stethoscope • Florence Nightingale – established sanitary nursing units for soldiers injured in the Crimean war (founder of modern nursing) • Theodor Fliedner, Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur were created systems to reduce the spread of tiny microorganisms that caused disease • Lifespan- 40-65 years

13. Louis Pasteur • Stopped milk and wine from causing sickness- pasteurization • Vaccine for rabies and anthrax • Rabies vaccine was first used on 9-year old Joseph Meister, on July 6, 1885, after the boy was badly mauled by a rabid dog.

14. 20th century • Rapid growth of health care • New machines; x-ray • New medicines; insulin for diabetes, antibiotics to fight infection, vaccines to prevent disease, • Cause of disease was identified • Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA • Health care plans helped cover medical costs • Surgery techniques were improved and less fatal • Lifespan- 60-80 years

15. 21st century • Tell me what you’ve heard about……