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INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CHEM 2017 Lect 1 2008 General introduction

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CHEM 2017 Lect 1 2008 General introduction. M S SCURRELL CHEMISTRY BUILDING, ROOM 101 michael. scurrell@wits.ac.za. CONNECTIONS IN INORGANICS. Why should chlorine and caustic soda prices be connected?

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INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CHEM 2017 Lect 1 2008 General introduction

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  1. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY • CHEM 2017 • Lect 1 2008 • General introduction

  2. M S SCURRELL • CHEMISTRY BUILDING, ROOM 101 • michael.scurrell@wits.ac.za

  3. CONNECTIONS IN INORGANICS • Why should chlorine and caustic soda prices be connected? • Why should ammonia and urea manufacture be done on the same plant? • Why is ammonia a side-product of making synthetic fuels from coal? [Sasol]

  4. CONNECTIONS IN INDUCTRY • Why does the ore extraction industry manufacture sulphuric acid? • Who fixes the price of ammonia? • What is needed to make a successful inorganic chemicals business?

  5. PRODUCT • MARKET • PRICE • TECHNOLOGY

  6. Does South Africa manufacture ammonia in a different way to Japan? Saudi Arabia? USA? Germany? • COMMODITY CHEMICALS • SPECIALITY CHEMICALS

  7. COMMODITY • High tonnage • World pricing • Mature technology & similar • CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, AMMONIA, PHOSPHORIC ACID

  8. COMMODITY <-> SPECIALITY • Lower tonnage • Similar specifications, but some differences between manufacturers • Less consistent pricing • TITANIUM DIOXIDE, SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES,

  9. SPECIALITY • Often not pure chemicals • Trade named mixtures • Smaller quantities, higher prices • Hi-tech products • SOLVENTS, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, REFRIDGERANTS, ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURE

  10. EXAMPLES ONLY • SULPHUR • NITROGEN • HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PEROXY COMPOUNDS • FLUORINE • ALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS (silicas, ZEOLITES) • PHOSPHORUS • PLATINUM GROUP METALS (GOLD)

  11. Environmental issues

  12. legislation • MINIMUM STANDARDS • TO PROTECT WORK-FORCE • TO PROTECT IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE PLANT • TO PROTECT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

  13. SHE • SAFETY • HEALTH • ENVIRONMENT

  14. EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS • Water purity: • Triazine herbicides: < 100 ng/l • Nitrates < 50 ppm (25 ppm) • Lead < 25 ppm

  15. AIR QUALITY • SOx • NOx • LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON TECHNOLOGY • CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS AVOIDANCE OF PROBLEM

  16. AIR QUALITY • SOx • NOx • LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON TECHNOLOGY • CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS AVOIDANCE OF PROBLEM

  17. COPPER, NICKEL INDUSTRY • Sulphide ores • Need to convert to oxides • Roasting process produces SO2 • New technologies: • Roasting furnace design • Improved catalysts for sulphuric acid manufacture (KINETICS, THERMODYNAMICS)

  18. CAR ENGINE EXHAUST TREATMENT • High impact on the platinum metal industry • Price of Pt • Price of Rh • Price of Ru • High impact on the oil refining industry • Fuel quality, lead-free fuel

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