WORD CLASSES, SENTENCE STRUCTURE and TERMINOLOGY

Word Classes – terminology for words Sentence Structure – the parts that go together to form a sentence Terminology – specific groupings for words WORD CLASSES, SENTENCE STRUCTURE and TERMINOLOGY

Noun ~ a person, place or thing CHAIR Pronoun ~ replaces a nounHE, WHICH, IT Common Noun ~ general HOTEL, CITY Proper Noun ~ names DAVE, PARIS Concrete Noun ~ tangible GLASS, DOG Abstract Noun ~ intangible (an idea or concept) HATRED, JUSTICE Collective Noun ~ plural content GROUP, TEAM WORD CLASSES

Adjective ~ a describing word NICE Verb ~ a doing word VISIT Adverb ~ adjective and verb mixed NICELY Preposition ~ the where and when of nouns IN, ON, WITH Auxiliary verb ~ helps a verb AM leaving Conjunction ~joins together IF, AND, BUT Determiner ~ the type of a noun A man, THESE men WORD CLASSES

A Clause ~ contains a subjectand a verb A Simple sentence ~ has one clause/statement Johnisfishing. A Compound sentence ~ has more than one clause/ statementlinked by conjunctionsJohnisfishingandheneedsmore bait. A Complex sentence ~ has a main clause and lesser clause(s), with a subordinator Whenhegoesfishing,heforgets totake enough bait. SENTENCE STRUCTURE

A Clause ~ has a verb A Phrase ~ does not have a verb watching the sun burn in the sky when I actually got there for the last year this is true SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Agreeing Plurals and Singulars If you want to write proper English, you have to follow a rule called “subject-verb agreement.” That means that if the subject is plural (ducks), then the verb needs to be plural (quack). If the subject is singular (duck) then the verb needs to be singular (quacks). Notice that English verbs, unlike nouns, usually don’t become plural by adding s. In fact, many singular, present-tense verbs end with s, while many plural verbs don’t – exactly the opposite of nouns. Singular noun: The tap runs Plural noun: The taps run SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Agreeing Plurals and Singulars – sentences with several nouns My mother and my father are visiting me – right My mother and my father is visiting me - wrong two parents together (and) are plural, each separately (or) is singular My mother or my father is going to call me today – right My mother or my father are going to call me today – wrong SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Agreeing Plurals and Singulars – sentences with several nouns Neither my mother nor my father is going to call me today – right Neither my mother nor my father are going to call me today – wrong Don’t get distracted if there’s another phrase between the subject and the verb. For example, you should say My sister, along with her children, is visiting me next month - right My sister and her daughters are visiting me next month – right SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Phoneme ~ the smallest unit of sound in a word (say ‘igh’ in light) Grapheme ~ that same sound written down (write ‘igh’ in light) Morpheme ~ the smallest unit with meaning in aword (‘morph’ is Greek in origin and means form) A Bound Morpheme ~ is dependent (bound) to other morphemes in its word MORPHEME A Free Morpheme ~ has independent meaning MORPHEME TERMINOLOGY

Decoding ~correctly recognising words Comprehension ~understanding those words and putting them to their correct use Diagraph ~ two letters with one sound STAIN Triagraph ~ three letters with one soundSTITCH Adjacent consonants ~ consonants next to each other which can be heard individually when the word is spoken STRING Prefix ~ an attachment to the beginning of a word UNIMPORTANT, REVIEW Suffix ~ an attachment at the end of a word USELESS, APPLES, JOYFUL TERMINOLOGY

WORD CLASSES, SENTENCE STRUCTURE and TERMINOLOGY