Do Now:

1. Do Now: Take out your Midterm Review Guide Part III. Then grab Agenda 6:3 (Out Box or Weebly) and a map (1/2 sheet) from below and locate the following countries: Portugal Spain France Russian Empire Austrian Empire Prussia German states Italian states Ottoman Empire Great Britain

3. Objective:Nationalism WHII.8b-d TSWDK of political and philosophical developments in Europe during the 19th century by describing unsuccessful revolutions on the continent and political reform in the United Kingdom and by explaining events related to the unification of Italy and the role of Italian nationalists, and by explaining events related to the unification of Germany and the role of Bismarck.

4. Nationalism • New Politics • 1848 • Unification of Italy • Unification of Germany

5. New Politics Nationalism • A people embracing a common land, language, folklore, history, enemies, and religion. These elements are the ingredients of the nation’s and the individual’s identity and pull the members into an indivisible unity. • National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism.

6. New Politics Conservatism • Stressed the need to maintain order through a constant reference to history. They believed that the welfare and happiness of humanity resided in the slowly evolving institutions of the past. • The conservatives were backward-looking, finding their standards and values in the proven events of the past, not in the untried reforms of the present.

7. New Politics Liberalism • Affirmed the dignity of the individual and the “pursuit of happiness” as an inherent right. Thought in terms of individuals who shared basic rights, were equal before the law, and used parliament to gain power and carry out gradual reform. • Liberals also believed that individuals should use their power to ensure that each person would be given the maximum amount of freedom from the state or any other external authority.

8. 1848 • The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states.

9. 1848 France • Louis XVIII (Bourbon) tried to hold the country together after Napoleon. He accepted the Napoleonic Code, as well as other reforms made under Napoleon. • Still attacked by both sides: • By the conservatives for giving too much to the middle class • By theliberals for not going far enough

10. 1848 France (continued) • Louis XVIII was succeeded by his brother Charles X, who did not accept any of the changes since 1789. • He issued laws censoring the press and further limited the right to vote. • These repressive acts drove liberals to revolt.

11. 1848 France (continued) • They barricaded the narrow streets of Paris with overturned carts, boxes, tables, and paving stones. • Charles was forced to flee to Great Britain.

12. 1848 France (continued) • New government under King Louis Philippe. • Consistently favored the upper bourgeoisie and gentry, shutting out the workers and middle classes. • Workers protested… Louis Philippe fled to England.

13. 1848 France (continued) • New government under King Louis Philippe. • Consistently favored the upper bourgeoisie and gentry, shutting out the workers and middle classes. • Workers protested… Louis Philippe fled to England. • Many reforms were not instituted.

14. 1848 Germany • The recent revolutions in France spread throughout central Europe and into Germany. • Public assemblies gathered throughout Germany demanding unification. • Prussian King Frederick William IV worked to make concessions with the liberals rather than unleash further violence and bloodshed. • There were some revolts but unification was not achieved.

15. 1848 Italy • News of the revolutions in Paris and Vienna triggered a rash of uprisings on the Italian peninsula. • Revolutionaries demanded unification from King Charles Albert of Sardinia. • Unification was not achieved.

16. 1848 Great Britain • In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means: • Ended capital punishment for more than 100 offenses • Created a modern police force for London • Allowed non-Anglicans the right to participate in government (Parliament) • Ended slavery in the Empire

17. Unification of Italy Previous attempts • While the unification movement of 1848 did not succeed, it remained in northern Italy and many attempts were made to unify at least that portion of the country.

18. Unification of Italy Final attempt • By 1859 Cavour unified Northern Italy.

19. Unification of Italy Final attempt • By 1859 Count Cavour unified Northern Italy. • By 1861 Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.

20. Unification of Italy Final attempt • By 1859 Count Cavour unified Northern Italy. • By 1861 Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy. • The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy in 1871.

21. Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.

22. Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings. • Through the Danish-Austrian Wars, united the north German states into the North German confederation. (Austria took control of the south German states) • Provoked a war with the French to unite the North German Confederation with the south German states (common enemy). This was the Franco-Prussian War.

23. Unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings. • Through the Danish-Austrian Wars, united the north German states into the North German confederation. (Austria took control of the south German states) • Provoked a war with the French to unite the North German Confederation with the south German states (common enemy). This was the Franco-Prussian War. German Empire finally united by 1871.

24. Unification of Germany Realpolitick • Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power. • One faith (introduced anti-Catholic policies) • One law (laws were equally applied to everyone) • One ruler

25. Conclusion • The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the 19th century. • Widespread demands for political rights led to revolutions (1848) and legislative actions in Europe. • Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions. • Italy and Germany became nation-states long after the rest of Europe (1861 and 1871).