IPM : Overview and Key Principles

1. IPM : Overview and Key Principles William Settle, Ph.D UNFAO Agricultural Production Division Rome, Italy

2. $150 million / year Subsidies on Pesticides Eliminated 1987 – 89 Chemical Insecticides : Are They Really Needed in Intensified Agriculture ? 180 60 160 50 140 120 40 100 Rice Pesticides (USD$ Million) Paddy Production (Million M Tons) 30 80 60 20 40 10 20 0 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 Source FAO

3. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 INSECTICIDE - INDUCED RESURGENCE 6 4 Mean yield: tons/ha 1093 2 Northwest Java 0 Non-Treated Treated Untreated Treated 750 750 Parasite F Carbofuran 600 600 Predator A Azodrin Herbivore Neutrals 450 450 Mean per square meter 300 300 150 150 0 0 Days After Transplanting F A F A

4. Ibrahim Sogaba, Niono Mali Age: 25 Working in Fathers kiosk since : Age 8

5. Chemical Insecticides = Food Security • What is Needed : • Capacity Building for Environmental Monitoring of Chemicals and assessment of Human Health Risks • Better Evaluations of Farming Systems looking at the full range of Economic and non-Economic Indicators

6. Conservation Biocontrol (1990s) Classical Biocontrol (Late 19th Century) IPM “Rational Use” (1980s) (1960s) • Other Alternatives to Chemicals • Hormone Analogs • Mating Disruption • Insect Diseases • Mechanical Control • Host-plant Resistance Chemical Control (1950s)

7. Biological Control The reduction of pest populations by natural enemies typically involving an active human role Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University

8. Classical Biological Control The practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced (exotic) pest, although it is also practiced against native insect pests. Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University

9. Conservation Biological Control • Habitat Management to Provide Conditions that Promote Biological Control • Based on: • Understanding Community Food Webs • Manipulating Habitats to create Refuge • Understanding how Landscapes act as “Filters” for large-scale and long-term movement of organisms

11. Other Alternatives to Chemicals • Hormone Analogs • Mating Disruption • Insect Diseases • Mechanical Control • Host-plant Resistance NP Virus on Spodoptera Exigua on Onions in Indonesia Photo Credit: Dr. Merle Shepard, Clemson University

12. AGRONOMY • Soil Management • Water Management • Planting Density • Seeds • MARKETING • Cooperatives • Self Financing • “Warrantage” • Farmer Business Schools Community Based Training ( Farmer Field Schools ) IVM Rice – Fish Aquaculture • POST CONFLICT • & HIV-AIDS • Junior Farmer Field Schools IPM : A Natural Entry Point to Community-Based Training IPM = IPPM

13. International Forums National & Regional Legislative Bodies Local Feeding the Policy Debate • IPPM + • Environmental • Monitoring • Capacity Building • Health Risk Assessment

14. Farmer Field Schools • More than 50 Countries World-Wide • 7 Countries in West Africa, 55,000 Farmers trained; • Targeting 250,000 in next 4 years • Substantial reductions / elimination of chemical pesticide use • Substantial increases in yields and profits

15. Good Alternatives Exist ! • At this point we would benefit from : • Understanding and Demonstrating the Real Costs Associated with Chemical Pesticides • Commitment by Governments and Donors to Raising Awareness in the General Population and in large-scale Training of Farmers

16. Thank You For more information contact: William Settle william.settle@fao.org