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Moving the Body

Moving the Body. Muscles and Bones. I. Bones. A. Functions - site of formation of red blood cells - offers support and structure for the body - protection of internal organs (brain, heart, lungs) - aids in locomotion (movement). Bones (contd.). B. Parts of Bone

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Moving the Body

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  1. Moving the Body Muscles and Bones

  2. I. Bones A. Functions - site of formation of red blood cells - offers support and structure for the body - protection of internal organs (brain, heart, lungs) - aids in locomotion (movement)

  3. Bones (contd.) B. Parts of Bone - bone is made of both living and non-living materials 1. Periosteum - thin, living membrane covering the outer surface of bone - has many blood vessels in it to carry nutrients and oxygen to the living parts of the bone - bone cells are called osteocytes

  4. Bones (contd.) - bone is also made of non-living components - calcium and phosphorous - give bones strong, rigid, structure - not enough calcium in diet can cause rickets (in children) and osteoporosis (in older people)

  5. Bones (contd.) 2. Spongy Bone - bone with many open spaces - found towards the ends of long bones - made of a hard network of minerals 3. Compact Bone- made of minerals, osteocytes, blood vessels, nerves, and elastic fibers - dense, hard, inner part of bones

  6. Bones (contd.) 4. Bone Marrow - found at center of bone - gel-like material - makes red blood cells - 2 types of bone marrow a. yellow marrow - found in long part of the bone, mostly made of fat b. red marrow - found in spongy bone - where red blood cells are made

  7. Bones (contd.) 5. Cartilage - connective tissue that serves as a cushion and lubricant where bones meet C. Bone Strength - bones are able to resist high amounts of pressure - are lightweight, but strong due to minerals - spongy bone serves as a natural shock absorber

  8. Bones (contd.) D. Bone Development - most bones start off as cartilage (when you are a baby) - as you grow older, the process of ossification occurs - converting cartilage into bone - eventually, almost all of the cartilage in your skeleton is replaced by bone

  9. Bones (contd.) - some animals have skeletons composed almost entirely of cartilage - cartilaginous fishes - sharks and rays - only bones that are fully formed whn you are born are the three small bones in the inner ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

  10. II. Joints A. Joint - a place where two or more bones meet - 6 types of joints 1. Ball and Socket - allows for circular movement (ex.: hip, shoulder) 2. Hinge Joint - allows for back and forth movement (ex.: elbow, knee, fingers)

  11. Joints (contd.) 3. Pivot Joint - allows one bone to pivot past another - allows for rotating movement (ex.: radius and ulna in forearm) 4. Gliding Joint - allows bones to glide past one another - relatively little movement (ex.: vertebrae (backbone))

  12. Joints (contd.) 5. Fused (Immovable) Joint - no movement (ex. Skull, pelvis) 6. Saddle Joint – allows for side to side and back and forth motion (ex.: thumb)

  13. Joints (contd.) B. Connecting Bones - bones are connected to one another by ligaments - like rubber bands - type of connective tissue - in between bones, there is a layer of synovial fluid - which cushions and lubricates the joint - secreted by cartilage - cartilage covers ends of bones to keep them from rubbing together

  14. III. Muscles - help to move bones like levers A. 3 Types of Muscle 1. Skeletal Muscle (Striated Muscle) - voluntary - under your direct, conscious control - controls, walking, talking, etc - cells have no visible nucleus

  15. Muscles (contd.) 2. Smooth Muscle - involuntary muscle - no direct, conscious control - controls body functions that always need to keep running ex.: breathing, digestion

  16. Muscles (contd.) 3. Cardiac Muscle - heart muscle - only found in heart - involuntary muscle - not under direct, conscious, control - controls heartbeat

  17. Muscles (contd.) B. Muscle Movement 1. Flexors and Extensors - muscles always occur in pairs - muscles can only shorten, or contract - need a partner muscle moving in an opposite direction to stretch muscle out after it has been contracted

  18. Muscles (contd.) - like Newton's 3rd Law - for every actions, there is an equal and opposite reaction a. flexor - the muscle that contracts and causes movement to occur at a joint b. extensor - muscle that extends the muscle and bone

  19. Muscles (contd.) - causes bone to straighten out after they have been moved at the joint muscles contract and relax in pairs - important pairs of muscles in the body: ex.: biceps and triceps (in upper arm) quadriceps and hamstrings (in thigh)

  20. Muscles (contd.) 2. Muscle Organization - muscles are made of bundles of string-like tissue called fibers - fibers are made of smaller tissues called filaments - 2 types of filaments a. actin b. myosin

  21. Muscles (contd.) - filaments make and break chemical bonds - what causes muscles to be able to shorten (contract) and lengthen (extend) - muscles are connected to bones by tendons

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