Timeline: Beyond Simple Waves

1. Timeline: Beyond Simple Waves The Toffler Waves Technology Work Education Society & Culture Economy

2. Toffler‘sThree Waves Connective/ Collaborative Age (Goodnight’s 4th Wave) Industrial Age (2nd Wave) Hunter-Gatherers 2020 and Beyond Change or Decline Agricultural Age (1st Wave) Communication Age (3rd Wave) Toffler’s “Waves” are his representation of how new ways of life, new technologies, and changes in society replace what went before. His first wave is the beginning of settled agriculture; his second wave is the movement from farms to cities brought about by the Industrial Revolution. His third wave, which he calls the Communication Age, did not take place as he had envisioned it would. My “fourth wave,” though not complete in itself, is the connective and collaborative society brought about by the instant communication of Internet, smart phones, and social media . 1980 saw the invention of the “flash” chip, which made today’s cell phone and portable digital technologies possible. 1989 marks beginnings of the World Wide Web. The final point is that we must change how the market and politics control society, or our inequalities will bring about collapse life as we know it.

3. Technology • 2000 PCs > 1 GHz • 2001 iPod • 2003 MySpace • 2004 Web 2.0 • 2005 USB Flash Drives • 2005 Multicore processors • 2007 iPhone, Kindle, Android OS • 1980 Flash Chip invented • 1981 IBM PC uses Intel chip and Microsoft OS • 1983 Compact Disc • 1983 Mouse added to Apple computers • 1989-90 Launch of World Wide Web • 1965 Optical disc • 1966 Fiber optics • 1967 Portable calculator • 1969 The Internet • 1920 Marconi broadcasts music to Europe and ships at sea • 1925 First Television • 1943 - 46 ENIAC, first general purpose calculator • 1947 Transistors developed at Bell Labs • 1903 – Curie’s studies of radioactivity win Nobel Prize • 1906 Radio Broadcasting • 1900 - 1910 • 1910 – 1920 • 1920 – 1930 • 1930 – 1940 • 1940 – 1950 • 1950 – 1960 • 1960 - 1970 • 1970 – 1980 • 1980 – 1990 • 1990 – 2000 • 2000 - 2014 • 1914 Radio Remote Control • 1915 Bell calls Watson by phone from New York to San Francisco • 1991 CERN posts first web page • 1993 Touchscreens • 1995 Leap Frog portable learning system • 1998 Google • 1999 Webster’s Online Dictionary • 1999 Wi-Fi • 1970 LED and LCDs • 1971 Floppy disc • 1975 Personal computer • 1975 Gates & Allen form Microsoft • 1976 Apple • 1977 Inkjet printer • 2010 iPad • 2012 Quad-core cell phones • 2014 Google Glass • 1930 Jet Engine • 1932 Cockcroft & Walton split the atom • 1938 Carlson invents the Photocopier • 1951 Mark I and UNIVAC computers • 1953 transistor radio • 1956 Video tape recorder • 1958 Microchip From the first radio broadcasts at the beginning of the 20th century, to the mass broadcasting of world events via cell phone, technology has changed the way we communicate, the way we entertain ourselves, and the ways we see the world and interact with its inhabitants. As our technological innovations continue to improve, we find ourselves in a time when we can make great strides not only in communication, but in scientific research and in the ways we learn, teach, and share knowledge across vast distances never before possible.

4. Emphasis on globalization, sustainability and corporate responsibility • Movement to support “living wage” • Movement to support local business vs. corporate giants • Hostile takeovers, buyouts, penny stocks and junk bonds fuel “have it all” economy • Business Management becomes most popular college major • 1985 AOL brings World Wide Web to non-tech users • 1961 Peace Corps encourages global volunteerism • 1962 First WalMart • 1963 Silent Spring raises environmental issues • 1965 Affirmative Action addresses workplace inequities among minorities Work • 1920 Women get the Vote • 1926 Railway Labor Act forbids discrimination against unions • 1929 Stock Market crash begins decade of unemployment for thousands • 1941 U.S. enters WWII; women enter workforce • Military spending helps end Depression • GI Bill allows veterans to get a college education • Post-war baby boom takes women out of workforce • 1900 AFL Union membership at 500,000 • 1905 Invention of Plastic • 1908 Assembly Lines • Average workweek 53 hours • 1.75 Million child workers under 15 • 1900 - 1910 • 1910 – 1920 • 1920 – 1930 • 1930 – 1940 • 1940 – 1950 • 1950 – 1960 • 1960 - 1970 • 1970 – 1980 • 1980 – 1990 • 1990 – 2000 • 2000 - 2014 • 1955 AFL and CIO merge • 1956 Federal Highway Act begins Interstate system • Television’s ideal family encourages one breadwinner, moms at home • Industrial expansion to meet growing consumer demands • 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) passed • Arab oil embargo changes transportation and encourages energy alternatives • 1978-79 Love Canal and Three Mile Island draw attention to industrial dangers • Internet commerce changes consumer and stock market activities; increases need for tech specialists • 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act changes workplace requirements • 1994 NAFTA trade agreement increases corporate outsourcing of jobs • 1931 Davis-Bacon Act provides for prevailing wages in public projects • 1935 Social Security Act • 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage and 40-hour work week • 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire spotlights workplace safety • 1912 Department of Labor begins in U.S. • 1919 Great Strike Wave across U.S. From the beginning of the 2oth century, when workplace safety was unknown and child workers were commonplace, American workplaces have become safer. We see growing acceptance for diversity in the workplace, and there is an expectation that corporations will ensure the well-being of workers and be responsible for environmental impacts. The last decade has seen a rise in support of small, local business over corporate “big box” stores.

5. 1962 Vygotsky’s 1934 work, Thought and Language, published in English; social constructivist theory • 1963 Samuel Kirk introduces concept of “learning disabilities” • 1965 Head Start schools open to help low-income children • 1966 Bruner’s cognitive learning theory • 1968 First Magnet school Education • 1981 John Holt fuels homeschool movement • 1983 A Nation at Risk calls for massive reforms in education • 1989 University of Phoenix becomes first complete “online campus” • 2001-02 No Child Left Behind becomes law • 2009 Common Core Standards launched • 2010 Great Recession creates cutbacks in school budgets nation-wide • Education development and reform is put on hold during World War II • 1946 Congress approves school lunch program • GI Bill offers higher education to veterans, over 238,000 become teachers • 1920 Watson’s classical conditioning experiments • 1925 Gestalt Theory of learning through whole concepts • 1926 SAT, first standardized testing • 1929 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development • 1903 – Pavlov’s work on Classical Conditioning • 1905 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of teaching established; sets the “Carnegie unit” for amount of time spent in class • 1900 - 1910 • 1910 – 1920 • 1920 – 1930 • 1930 – 1940 • 1940 – 1950 • 1950 – 1960 • 1960 - 1970 • 1970 – 1980 • 1980 – 1990 • 1990 – 2000 • 2000 - 2014 • 1953 Skinner’s work on operant conditioning published • 1956 Bloom’s Taxonomy defines levels of cognitive domain • 1957-58 Sputnik encourages American emphasis on Math & science • 2014 Indiana becomes first state to withdraw from Core Standards • 1970 Jean Piaget’s Learning Cycle Model • 1972 Texas Instruments produces portable calculators for classroom use • 1975 “Why Johnny Can’t Write” calls for back-to-basics • 1977 Apple IIE for schools • 1991 first “charter school” • 1993 Brooks’s Constructivist learning theory draws on Dewey and Vygotsky • 1996 Banks’ Multiculturalism • 1999 Columbine school shooting emphasizes need for safety, student mental health • 1911 First Montessori school, based on her theory of adaptation, freedom, and sensory discrimination • 1913 Thorndike’s Connectionism theory • 1916 Dewey’s Progressive Education Movement • 1931 “Dick and Jane” reading primers emphasize repetition to learn reading • Great Depression has economic impact on public schools • 1935 WPA combines economic recovery with building of schools and libraries The 20th century saw great strides in educational methods and theories, from Behaviorism to Constructivism and cognitive applications of knowledge. In the 21st century, trends toward a common body of knowledge and methods of teaching have sparked new controversies, with a strong reaction to standardized tests and the “Common Core” movement. Meanwhile, school safety and bullying have become hot-button issues, and budget cutbacks have crippled the ability of schools to employ enough educators and engage new curricula.

6. Society & Culture • “ME” generation seeks status and wealth • AIDS becomes deterrent to sexual revolution • Rise in single-parent families, more divorces, higher number of couples “living together” • Cable television stations and VCRs mean increased at-home entertainment • Kennedy and Camelot define new decade • Younger generation becomes more vocal in politics • Counterculture, anti-war movement, feminism, equal rights for minorities, environmental issues, consumer protection all find awareness through television news • Literary “Lost Generation” expresses freedom of thought and disdain for censorship • Jazz Age, dance marathons, Houdini, “Flappers” and speak-easies – post war “decadence” • 1929 Stock Market crash begins Great Depression • With WW II, Rosie the Riveter replaces men in factories • Fear of Japanese results in internment camps • Post-war baby boom sends women back home • Black music enters popular culture • Radio adds quiz shows and comedy-variety • Internet blogs, apps, Google provide instant information • Emphasis on healthy eating, organic foods, diet boom • “Reality” TV and rush to gain fame • Growing cities caused issues of urban poor, while skyscrapers competed for height. • Ragtime music and barbershop quartets express bright mood of the new century • 1906 First Gran Prix auto race • 1900 - 1910 • 1910 – 1920 • 1920 – 1930 • 1930 – 1940 • 1940 – 1950 • 1950 – 1960 • 1960 - 1970 • 1970 – 1980 • 1980 – 1990 • 1990 – 2000 • 2000 - 2014 • Cold War fueled by fears of communism • National highways make family vacations possible • First shopping malls begin to replace small-town Main Streets • Teenage culture includes rock ‘n’ roll, American Bandstand • Television idealizes American family • Old television taboos broken with satire of All in the Family and Saturday Night Live • 1973 Oil embargo raises prices; leisure trips no longer common • Ping Pong diplomacy signals new views toward Communist China • Booming economy fuels consumerism: personal computers, video games, entertainment systems • “Diversity” movement calls for equality in society for all • Internet becomes meeting ground for exchange of ideas • Mega-bookstores thrive • Women’s voting rights change their image of themselves; • 1915 Millionth Model T is built, cars are the latest fad • World War I, Influenza devastate population • 1919 Prohibition makes alcohol illegal • Survival in Depression economy • 1932 Dust Bowl displaces farmers to Western US • Radio entertains and informs ordinary Americans • 1939 NY World’s Fair focuses on future, introduces televisions • Growing animosity between conservatives and liberals • Cell phones remove secrecy and reveal world events As the American society makes progress through education, technology, and the workplace, issues of equality continue to dominate, and the sense of social right and wrong divides Americans of differing views. Reforms begun at the beginning of the 20th century continue to evolve today. An increasingly connected world calls for greater personal involvement in every aspect of society. Many taboos of an earlier time have been replaced by a sense of personal freedom brought about from the 1950’s through the 1970’s and continuing through the present time.

7. Economy • 1900 - 1910 • 1910 – 1920 • 1920 – 1930 • 1930 – 1940 • 1940 – 1950 • 1950 – 1960 • 1960 - 1970 • 1970 – 1980 • 1980 – 1990 • 1990 – 2000 • 2000 - 2014 Sources for this page: http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/his/e_prices1.htm http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/new-census-numbers-make-it-official-2000-2010-was-a-lost-economic-decade http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade00.html The ups and downs of American economy are illustrated by the costs of basic needs, the average worker’s pay, and most significantly by rates of unemployment during boom and bust eras. The chart on the following slide illustrates the disparity of wealth between the haves and have-nots, and demonstrates the alarming conditions of the economy today which mirror those of the American situation just before the Great Depression.

8. Economy: The Wealth Gap A widening gap between the incomes of 90% of Americans and the top 10% reflects an economy where large corporations and the very wealthy continue to grow and thrive, while most workers suffer stagnant wages, high rates of income tax (which the rich avoid by loopholes and congressional mandates), and a job market where low wage service sector employment predominates. If this trend continues unabated, the economy may collapse as dramatically as it did in 1929, plunging the U.S. and the world into a financial disaster. http://visualeconsite.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/extremeinequalitychart.jpg

9. References Aboukhadijeh, F. (2012). Rise of Unions. Retrieved from AP U.S. History Notes: http://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/rise-of-unions/ AFL-CIO. (2014). Labor history timeline. Retrieved from AFL-CIO: http://www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Labor-History-Timeline AIP. (2004). Recognition and disappointment. Retrieved from Marie Curie and the science of radioactivity: http://www.aip.org/history/curie/recdis1_text.htm Amadeo, R. (2014). The history of Android. Retrieved from ArsTechnica: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/ America at the turn of the century: A look at the historical context. (1999). Retrieved from Library of Congress: http://international.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfamcen.html American Institute of Physics. (1999). Lesson1: History of the transistor. Retrieved from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/transistor/teach/teacherguide_html/lesson1.html Associated Press. (2009). Many things that changed our lives since 2000. Retrieved from NJ: http://www.nj.com/hudson/voices/index.ssf/2009/12/many_things_that_changed_our_l.html Bowman, R. (2014, July 20). A growing hostility to free trade has put NAFTA on life support. Retrieved from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertbowman/2014/07/02/a-growing-hostility-to-free-trade-has-put-nafta-on-life-support/ Bradley, B. (1998). American cultural history. Retrieved from Lome Star College: http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade50.html Chapman, M. (2014). Wall Street . Retrieved from IMDB: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094291/ Common Core. (2009). Common Core Standards. Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/ Covert, Bryce. (2014). Wealth inequality is now as bad as it was during the 1920s. Think Progress. http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/03/31/3420998/wealth-inequality/ Cullen, D. (2004, April 20). The depressive and the psychopath. Retrieved from Slate: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2004/04/the_depressive_and_the_psychopath.html Fisk, D. (2001). American labor in the 20th century. Retrieved from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/cwc/american-labor-in-the-20th-century.pdf Fox, W. (2014). 21st Century. Retrieved from Future Timeline: http://www.futuretimeline.net/21stcentury/2000-2009.htm GCN. (2007). 25 years: A technology timeline. Retrieved from GCN: http://gcn.com/Articles/2007/12/06/25-years--A-technology-timeline.aspx?Page=4# History by decades. (2014). Retrieved from Writer's Dreamtools: http://www.writersdreamtools.com/view/decades/default.asp?Decade=1910#money History Learning Site. (2005). Computers. Retrieved from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/computers.htm History Learning Site. (2005). Inventions 1900 to 1990. Retrieved from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/inventions_1900_to_1990.htm IBTimes Staff. (2011, February 28). The 5 most prominent management trends of the 21st century. Retrieved from International Business Times: http://www.ibtimes.com/5-most-prominent-management-trends-21st-century-271373 Ion, F. (2013). From touch displays to the Surface: A brief history of touchscreen technology. Retrieved from ArsTechnica: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/04/from-touch-displays-to-the-surface-a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology/

10. References (cont’d) Library of Congress. (n.d.). Japanese American internment during World War II. Retrieved from LOC Teacher Resources: http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/internment/pdf/teacher_guide.pdf Maria Montessori. (2014). Retrieved from The international Montessori index: http://www.montessori.edu/maria.html National Archives. (n.d.). The deadly virus. Retrieved from Regional history from the National Archives: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/ National Bureau of Economic Research. (1957). The measurement and behavior of unemployment. Retrieved from NBER: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2644.pdf National Censuses, 1790-2010. (2012). Retrieved from Infoplease: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0110380.html Oxford Reference. (2012). Timeline 20th Century. Retrieved from Oxford Reference: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191735639.timeline.0001 Rosie the Riveter. (2010). Retrieved from History Channel: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/rosie-the-riveter Saettler, P. (2004). The Evolution of American Educational Technology [Kindle Version]. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, Inc. Sartwell, C. (2014, June 20). The Left-Right political spectrum is bogus. Retrieved from The Atlantic: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/06/the-left-right-political-spectrum-is-bogus/373139/ Sass, E. (2014). American educational history: A hypertext timeline. Retrieved from Ed Resources: http://www.eds-resources.com/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900 Tamblyn, T. (2014, April 11). Google Glass price, release date, specs and info. Retrieved from T3: http://www.t3.com/news/google-glass-price-release-date-specs-and-info Temperance and Prohibition. (2014). Retrieved from Ohio State University: http://prohibition.osu.edu/ TGIF. (2006). Chester F. Carlson inventor of xerography. Retrieved from The Great Idea Finder: http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/carlson.htm TGIF. (2007). 20th Century innovation timeline. Retrieved from The Great Idea Finder: http://www.ideafinder.com/history/timeline/the1900s.htm The Economist. (2000, December 21). Inflation since 1900: The price of age. Retrieved from The Economist: http://www.economist.com/node/457272 Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. New York: Bantam Books. U.S. Dept of Education. (1983). A Nation at Risk. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk.html U.S. Dept of Education. (2002). No Child Left Behind Act. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml United States unemployment rate. (2013). Retrieved from Infoplease: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0104719.html US Diplomatic Mission to Germany. (2003). Facts & Figures: Income and prices 1900-1999. Retrieved from About the USA: http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/his/e_prices1.htm Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and Language. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. White bread. (n.d.). Retrieved from Economic Time Series: http://www.economagic.com/em-cgi/data.exe/blscu/CUUR0000SS02011 Whitley, P. (2011). 1930 - 1939. Retrieved from American Cultural History: http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade30.html Wright, J. D. (2008). ENIAC. Retrieved from A dictionary of computing: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199234004.001.0001/acref-9780199234004-e-1717