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Controlling Cascading Failures with Cooperative Autonomous Agents. Paul Hines Sarosh Talukdar Dong Jia Huaiwei Liao. TPP Graduate Consortium, 27 July 2005 Work supported by ABB Corporate Research & the Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center. Photo: Marc O. Rieger
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Controlling Cascading Failures with Cooperative Autonomous Agents Paul Hines Sarosh Talukdar Dong Jia Huaiwei Liao TPP Graduate Consortium, 27 July 2005 Work supported by ABB Corporate Research & the Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center Photo: Marc O. Rieger http://www.math.cmu.edu/~ana/Pictures/pic7.html
Some cascading failures Hines, 18-Apr-05
Blackout size CDF Source: Talukdar & NERC/DOE data Hines, 18-Apr-05
What is a cascading failure? Hidden failure(s) Disturbance Violation(s) Relay operation(s) Blackout Network state transitions Hines, 18-Apr-05
Reducing cascading failure risk • Prevention method • Reduce the risk through conservative operations • “N-1” security • Imposes additional dispatch costs • Control method • Reduce the risk through improved control systems • Give the grid “good reflexes” Hines, 18-Apr-05
One approach… Hidden failure(s) Disturbance Interrupt the CF sequence here from a central location Violation(s) Relay operation(s) Blackout Network state transitions Hines, 18-Apr-05
Another approach… Hidden failure(s) Disturbance Interrupt the CF sequence here froma central location Violation(s) Relay operation(s) Blackout Network state transitions Hines, 18-Apr-05
A new approach… Hidden failure(s) Disturbance Interrupt the CF sequence here using distributedautonomous agents Violation(s) Relay operation(s) Blackout Network state transitions Hines, 18-Apr-05
Rationale for using distributed agents • Information • No need for global knowledge • Reduced “seams” problems • Speed • Computation & action co-located • Robustness • Distributed solutions tend to be more resistant to failures Hines, 18-Apr-05
Problem statement • Improve the grid control system by • eliminating power system network violations at minimum social cost before a cascading failure results • using only distributed autonomous agents capable of shedding local load and generation. Hines, 18-Apr-05
Solution method – Spatial decomposition Autonomous Hines, 18-Apr-05
Solution method – Incremental work • Allow each agent to work iteratively to remove the violations that it is aware of • Model Predictive Control: • Calculate a plan • implement a portion of the plan • update the plan • implement a portion of the plan • … • Allow for cooperation among agents Hines, 18-Apr-05
Operators u x Power Network Bus 1 Measurement hardware 1 Load/gen controller 1 Bus n Load/gen controller n Measurement hardware n Hines, 18-Apr-05
Operators x u u1 Power Network δ1 Measurement hardware 1 Load/gen controller 1 agent 1 + un δn Measurement hardware n Load/gen controller n agent n + Communication Network Hines, 18-Apr-05
Solution method -- Cooperation • Definition: • The sharing of useful information. • Many methods exist, we use the following: • When agents calculate a solution: • Compare that solution with those neighbors who appear to require control actions • If a discrepancy exists: • exchange important measurements • recalculate • repeat no more than 3x Hines, 18-Apr-05
Verification method • Perform repeated simulations using IEEE networks and random double contingencies • Adjust the amount of communication (the size of the internal neighborhood) Hines, 18-Apr-05
Typical result Branch outages 8,40rl=2, re=10 Hines, 18-Apr-05
Control error Control error Hines, 18-Apr-05
Control error vs. communication Local neighborhood radius Hines, 18-Apr-05
Conclusions • It is possible to control cascading failures using a flat network of distributed autonomous agents • Cooperation can vastly improve solution quality and/or reduce the amount of communication required • Improving the grid control system should allow operators to make better tradeoffs among conflicting objectives • (Dispatch costs, reliability, protection, network investment) Hines, 18-Apr-05
Related policy issues • Where network authority is inherently distributed (>100 independent control areas in US eastern interconnect) a distributed solution has many advantages over centralized solutions. • While it is technically possible to control cascading failures, incentives for investment in such technologies are not always aligned with the costs. Hines, 18-Apr-05