A changing Nation

1. A changing Nation Chapter 10 Section 1 and 2 Building a National Identity Dealing with Other Nations

2. Building a National Identity • Essential Question: • How was the power of the federal government strengthened during the Era of Good Feeling? • The Era of Good Feeling • End of the War of 1812- Republicans took firm control of the government • Presidential election of 1816 resulted in a landslide victory for Republican candidate James Monroe of Virginia; stung by defeat Federalist party began to lose power, within a few years party would ceased to exits. • Monroe campaigned for national unity and made a circuit of goodwill in the middle and southern parts of the country; local newspaper dubbed countries new zeal for unity an” Era of Good Feeling.”Name would be used to describe Monroe’s two terms in office.

3. Building a National Identity • Building the National Economy • Americans believed the federal government should take action to increase economic prosperity in all regions of country. • Even Republicans saw merit in federal run programs, considering they were proponents of states’ rights: • Young member of Congress from different regions spoke for federal actions: • Henry Clay (speaking for the West) thought the country need better roads and canals to transport good from one region to another • John C. Calhoun( speaking for South) defender of national unity, but would later put more emphasis on states’ right- opposed tariffs because it would raise prices on goods that southerners would buy • Daniel Webster (speaking for Northeast) supported tariffs, because they allowed New England’s factories to compete against European manufacturers

4. Building a National Identity • The Second Bank of The United States • In 1791, Congress passed law creating the First Bank of the United States; in 1811 the bank ceased to exist. Its charter (giving right to a certain person or company ran out) without the Bank, the economy suffered. • State banks began to loan money and issued too much money leading to rising prices • To cure these problems Congress established the second Bank of the United States; new Bank was privately owned and lent money to individuals and controlled supply. This gave boost to American businesses

5. Building a National Identity • The Tariff of 1816 • Foreign competition also posed a problem for the United States. • Embargo Act and War of 1812 kept most British goods from U.S. soil and helped grow American industry. • American factories made textiles, smelted iron, and produced many of other products • After War of 1812, British saw and opportunity to dump their goods on American markets, driving their American competitors out of business, since they good produce items more cheaply than their competitors • Because of British dumping, New England businesses demanded protective tariffs to raise prices on foreign goods • Congress responded with the tariff of 1816, which put a tax on foreign textiles, iron, leather goods, paper, and other products. In 1818 and 1824, Congress would pass even higher tariffs • Tariffs were popular in the North, but were deeply resented in the South

6. Building a National Identity Clay proposed a plan that would help the economy in each section of country; Plan never took off; lack of support from President Madison and southerners who continue to oppose protective tariffs

7. Building a National Identity

8. Dealing With other nations Essential Question: How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect new national confidence? DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS

9. DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS • Relations With Spain • Spain’s control in Florida weak after War of 1812, could not stop enslaved Africans Americans, who escaped plantations in Georgia and Alabama, from crossing into Florida. Once in Florida they would join Seminole Nation who often crossed into U.S. to raid American settlements • In 1817, American sent Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves. He would attack and destroy Seminole villages, seizing two towns and forcing governor to flee Florida. • Jackson’s attacked showed that U.S. could take Florida at any moment. Since Spain could not protect it. Spain decided to give up territory in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.

10. DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS • Spanish Colonies win Independence • American and French revolution inspired Latin Americans to want to control their own affairs, revolutionary movements began to grow in almost all of the Spanish colonies. Spain could not contain all movements against them. In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo organized army of Native Americans in Mexico to free several provinces. However in 1811, Hidalgo was captured and executed by troops loyal to Spain. By 1820 revolution broke out in Mexico and Spain was unable to stop it. In 1821, Mexico gained independence. After ousting of Emperor, Mexico model its new constitution after America’s. In 1822, Brazil announced in independence from Portugal. By 1825 most part of Latin America had thrown off European rule. Countries included Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua Simon Bolivar, known as the Liberator for his role of leading independence movements in the northern part of South America, in 1819 he led a daring march from Venezuela over the ice- capped Andes Mountains into Columbia. There he defeated the Spanish and became president of the independent, Republic of Great Columbia (which included today’s nations of Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama.

11. DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS • The Monroe Doctrine • Worried over French and Russian intervention on the behalf of Spain and its former colonies in Latin America. Britain wanted to issue a joint statement with United States to protect the freedom of the new nations of Latin America (both nations wanted to protect their trade interest with new countries) • Monroe, feeling joint statement would put America as the junior party to Britain issued address alone to Congress on December 1823.Statement became known as the Monroe Doctrine. U.S. would not allow to create American colonies or interfere with free nations of Latin America American colonies would consider attempt to do so “dangerous to our peace and safety”

12. Relations With Canada After American revolution, in 1791 country was divided into two parts: Upper Canada- English, Lower Canada- French In 1837, rebellions in both part began against Britain; Although rebellions were put down, Britain learned lesson and could no longer deny rights to Canadians Act of Union of 1841 merged Canada’s two parts into one unit of government by a Canadian Legislature, Britain however still had ultimate control. U.S. and Canada had their own disputes from the failed American invasion in 1812, to border disputes between 1818-1846 in which Britain settled. Eventually relations between Canada and U.S. became strong and remain till this day. DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS

13. Questions: • Which groups supported and which opposed tariffs? • Do you believe the American system proposed by Clay offered a good solution to regional difference? Explain. • What did McCulloch v. Maryland decide? • What did the Supreme Court decisions in the McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbon v. Ogden have in common? • Who was Father Miguel Hidalgo and Simon Bolivar? • What was the Monroe Doctrine? • Would the United States have looked weak if they had jointly issued a warning with Britain? Explain. • Explain Andrew Jackson’s role in the United States attainment of Florida. • Name at least six of today’s Latin American countries that were independent by 1825 • How did Great Britain and U.S. benefit from the independence of Span’s American colonies?