Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 Religion

2. Key Issue 1Where are Religions Distributed? • Two types of religions • Universalizing Religion: attempt to be global, appeal to all people, no matter where they live, 62% of world • Ethnic Religion: appeals primarily to one group living in one place, 24% of world

3. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism • Three main universalizing religions • Each is divided into branches • Branches can be divided into denominations • Sects are small groups broken away from a denomination

4. Christianity • More than 2 billion adherents, more than any other world religion • Most widespread distribution • Predominant religion in North America, South America, Europe and Australia • Also, some countries in Africa & Asia are predominately Christian

5. Branches of Christianity • Three Major Branches • Roman Catholic: 52% of world’s Christians • Protestant: 21% • Eastern Orthodox: 10% • 22% do not fall under the 3 major branches • 5% unaffiliated with any church, but are Christian

6. Christianity in Europe

7. Christianity in Europe • Roman Catholicism • Dominant Christian Branch in Southwest and East • Protestantism • Northwest • Eastern Orthodox • East and southeast

8. Europe • Regions of Roman Catholic and Protestant majorities • Sharp boundaries, either by country or a dividing line within the country • Eastern Orthodox • Collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe & Middle East • Christianity came to Russia in 10th Century • Russian Orthodox Church: 16th Century • Romanian Orthodox Church: 20% of all Eastern Orthodox Christians

9. Christianity in Western Hemisphere • 90% of people in Western Hemisphere are Christian • 5%: other religion • 6%: no religion • Roman Catholics: 93% of Christians in Latin America • 29% in North America: Clustered in Southwestern & Northeastern United States & Quebec in Canada

10. Christianity in Western Hemisphere • United States • Protestants: 28% of US population • Baptists: southeast (most popular of Prot) • Lutherans: upper Midwest • Mormon: • Methodists

11. Clusters in US

12. Smaller Branches of Christanity • Some developed independently from three main branches • Isolation during development of Christianity • 1) Coptic Church: Egypt • 2) Ethiopian Church (split from Egyptian Coptic Church, 1948) • Both trace roots to 4th century • Two shipwrecked Christians, taken as slaves, converted Ethiopian king to Christianity

13. Smaller branches of Christianity • Armenian Church (Syria) • Diffused Christianity to South and East Asia, 7th-13th Centuries • Smaller following, but plays a significant role in regional conflicts • Armenian Christians vs Shiite Muslim in Azerbaijan NY Times Article

14. Smaller Branches of Christianity • United States • Church of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), 3% of US • Consider their church to be separate from other branches • Large clustering in Utah and surrounding areas

15. Facts about Mormonsreligionfacts.com • Active full-time volunteer missionaries • Belief in modern prophets, beginning with Joseph Smith, Jr., and continuing today with Gordon B. Hinckley • Acceptance of the Bible, the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and The Pearl of Great Price as works of scripture • A dietary code called the Word of Wisdom, currently requiring abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, and illegal drugs; caffeinated soft drinks are left to individual discretion. • Belief in God the Father, the Son (Christ), and the Holy Ghost existing as three separate individual beings or personages • Belief in a form of theosis called exaltation or eternal progression • Formerly practicing polygamy (plural marriage) • Wearing ceremonial temple garments under their daily clothes • Performing baptisms for the dead, and other ordinances by proxy, in temples and doing attendant genealogical research.

16. Islam • Predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia • Half of world’s Muslims lives outside Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India • Islam in Arabic means “submission to the will of God” • Muslims are “ones who surrender to God” in Arabic

17. Islam 5 Pillars • 1. There is no god worth of worship except the one God, the source of all creation, and Muhammad is the messenger of God • 2. Five times daily, a Muslim prays, facing the citty of Mecca, as a direct link to God • 3. A Muslim gives generously to charity, as an act of purification and growth • 4. A Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan, as an act of self-purification • If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah

18. Branches of Islam • Two important branches: Sunni & Shiite • Sunnis: 83% of Muslims, largest branch in most Muslim countries in the Middle East • Shiites: 16% of Muslims, clustered. 30% of all Shiites live in Iran, 15% in Pakistan, 10% in Iraq. 90% of population in Azerbaijan, Iraq, Oman, Bahrain

19. Islam in North America and Europe • Increasing rapidly in recent years • Europe: 5% Muslims • France has largest Muslim population, 4 million, migration from North Africa • Germany: 3 million, migration from Turkey • Southeast Europe (Albania, Bosnia, Serbia) 2 million Muslims

20. United States & Canada • Today: Home to 5 million Muslims • 1990: only a few hundred thousand • Nation of Islam: Black Muslims, founded in Detroit 1930 • Elijah Muhammad “messenger of Allah” • Tension between Malcolm X & Muhammad led to divided sects, 1960s

21. Buddhism • Third of world’s major universalizing religions • 400 million adherents • Mostly in China & Southeast Asia • Represented by the Four Noble Truths • Someone can be Buddhist AND a believer in other Eastern religions

22. Four Noble Truths • 1. All living beings must endure suffering • 2. Suffering, which is caused by a desire to live, leads to reincarnation • 3. The goal of all existences is to escpae from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana, which is achieved through mental and moral self-purification • 4. Nirvana is attained though an Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought and meditation

23. Buddhism • Split into more than one branch • Followers disagreed on interpretation • Main branches: • Mahayana 56% of Buddhists, China Japan Korea • Theravada 38% of Buddhists Cambodia Laos Myanmar Sri Lanka and Thailand • Tantrayana 6% Tibet and Mongolia

24. Other Universalizing Religions • Sikhism, 25 million, Punjab region of India • Bahai’s, 8 million, dispersed mostly in Africa & Asia

25. Sikhism • First Guru (religious teacher / enlightener): Nanak (1469-1538) in Punjab region (Pakistan) • Believe in a formless God with many names • Meditation • Pray many times a day • Prohibited from worshipping idols or icons • Believe in Karma, Reincarnation but reject Caste System • Everyone is equal in God’s eyes • Men wear turbans and never cut beards or hair

26. Baha’i Religion • Arose from Islam in 1800s, Iran • Promote gender and race equality • Freedom of expression & assembly • World peace & world government • Every person has an immortal soul which can’t die, but is free to travel through the sprit world after death

27. Ethnic Religions • Hinduism, 3rd largest world religion • 97% of Hindus are in India • Most of the remaining 3% are in Nepal • Individuals chose best way to worship God • Individual pursuits to reach God

28. Hinduism • Average Hindu has allegiance to a particular God • Vishnu and Siva are most common • Purpose of life is to rejoin with God • Samsara: Cycles of Birth, Life, and Death • Karma: progress toward enlightenment • Caste System

29. Other Ethnic Religions • East Asia: China & Japan • Many Chinese consider themselves Buddhists and either Confucian, Daoism or some other Chinese ethnic religion

30. Confucianism • Confucius, philosopher & teacher • Taught “correct behavior” • Ethnic religion because is traditional values are especially important in Chinese culture • Prescribed a series of ethical principles: • Fulfilling obligations • Treating others with sympathy and respect • Following traditions

31. Daoism (Taoism) • Founded by Lao-Tse, a contemporary of Confucius • Daoists seek the “path” or “way” • Find balance of life, Yin and Yang • Myths and legends develop to explain not “knowable” events

32. Shintoism • Ethnic religion of Japan • Forces of nature are divine: sun, moon, mountains, rivers, etc • Became official state religion under Emperor Meiji (1868-1912) • After WWII, Allies ordered Japan to renounce empire as being divine • Still exists in Japan, but no longer the official state religion

33. Judaism • 6 million Jews live in US • 5 million in Israel • 2 million in Europe and 1 million in Asia • Heavily concentrated in large US cities • New York ¼ of Jewish population • Majority in Israel, First state with Jewish majority since biblical era

34. Judaism • Christianity and Islam find roots in Judaism • Jesus was born a Jew • Muhammad traced his ancestry to Abraham • Ethnic religion, based in lands bordering eastern end of Mediterranean Sea • First religion to support monotheism: One God • Believe the Messiah will return , Jews will gather in Israel, resurrection of the dead, 1st Temple will be rebuilt

35. Ethnic African Religions • 100 million Africans follow traditional ethnic religions: animism • Believe inanimate ojsects are “animated” have spirtis and conscious life • Few holy books have been written • Rituals are passed down by generation • Monotheistic concepts, but hierarchy of divinities • Numbers are declining bc Islam & Christianity • Majority exists in Botswana • Half of population in Angola, Congo, Madagascar, and more

36. A large and fundamental division within a religion is a • A) branch • B) denomination • C) sect • D) dialect • E) family

37. A large and fundamental division within a religion is a • A) branch • B) denomination • C) sect • D) dialect • E) family

38. A relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a • A) branch • B) denomination • C) sect • D) dialect • E) family

39. A relatively small group that has broken away from an established church is a • A) branch • B) denomination • C) sect • D) dialect • E) family

40. A universalizing religion • A) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on Earth • B) appeals to people living in a wide variety of locations • C) is rarely transmitted through missionaries • D) has celebrations based on seasonal changes • E) is less likely to be used as a reason for violence than ethnic religions

41. A universalizing religion • A) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on Earth • B) appeals to people living in a wide variety of locations • C) is rarely transmitted through missionaries • D) has celebrations based on seasonal changes • E) is less likely to be used as a reason for violence than ethnic religions

42. The world’s largest universalizing religion is • A) Buddhism • B) Christianity • C) Hinduism • D) Islam • E) Shintoism

43. The world’s largest universalizing religion is • A) Buddhism • B) Christianity • C) Hinduism • D) Islam • E) Shintoism

44. The world’s largest ethnic religion is • A) Confucianism • B) Daoism • C) Hinduism • D) Shintoism • E) Islam

45. The world’s largest ethnic religion is • A) Confucianism • B) Daoism • C) Hinduism • D) Shintoism • E) Islam

46. Which is a branch of Christianity • A) Druze • B) Eastern Orthodox • C) Shiite • D) Theravadist • E) Judaism

47. Which is a branch of Christianity • A) Druze • B) Eastern Orthodox • C) Shiite • D) Theravadist • E) Judaism

48. Which of the following is NOT a universalizing religion? • A) Buddhism • B) Sikhism • C) Islam • D) Judaism • E) Christianity

49. Which of the following is NOT a universalizing religion? • A) Buddhism • B) Sikhism • C) Islam • D) Judaism • E) Christianity

50. Roman Catholics are clustered in the US southwest primarily because of migration of • A) Roman Catholics from Latin America • B) Roman Catholics from the northeast United States • C) Roman Catholics from Ireland • D) Protestants to the north • E) Protestants to the east