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Essential Cell Functions and Living Organisms – An Overview

Explore the characteristics of living things, cell theory, organelles, and cellular parts. Learn about cellular classification, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Understand how organisms maintain homeostasis and the role of organs and systems in this process.

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Essential Cell Functions and Living Organisms – An Overview

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  1. Gateway Biology Content Review

  2. Characteristics of Living Things • Reproduce • Grow • Develop • Need food/require energy • Made of cells • Respond to their environment • Adapt to their environment

  3. Cells and Heredity Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

  4. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane) • Surrounds cell • Selective barrier • Controls what substances enter and exit the cell

  5. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material that fills the cell

  6. Organelles and Cell Parts • Ribosomes: • Site of proteinsynthesis (where proteins are made)

  7. Organelles and Cell Parts • Golgi Apparatus • Prepare proteins that will leave the animal cell or be placed in the plasma membrane • “Post Office” of the cell

  8. Organelles and Cell Parts • Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell • Site of cellular respiration which produces ATP from sugars (glucose)

  9. Organelles and Cell Parts • Lysosome • Digest macromolecules • Single celled organisms—eating, digest food • Digest/recycle old organelles; “stomach of the cell” • Immune system

  10. Organelles and Cell Parts • Centrosome • Produce microtubules during celldivision. Microtubules control the movement of chromosomes.

  11. Organelles and Cell Parts • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport of materials such as proteins • Ribosomes attached • Production of proteins occurs on ribosomes

  12. Organelles and Cell Parts • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Transport of materials such as proteins • No ribosomes attached

  13. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nucleus • Stores/protects DNA

  14. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nuclear Envelope • Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

  15. Organelles and Cell Parts • Nucleolus • Found in the nucleus • Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes

  16. Organelles and Cell Parts • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Contains genes/hereditary information • Determines structure of proteins

  17. Organelles and Cell Parts • Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis, which stores the sun’s energy in sugars (glucose) • Found in plants

  18. Organelles and Cell Parts • Vacuole • Storage • Waste, nutrients, water, ions

  19. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cell Wall • Supports and protects plant cells, bacteria, fungi, some protists • Allows cell to exist in hypotonic environment

  20. Organelles and Cell Parts • Cilia and Flagella • Movement (locomotion)

  21. Organelles and Cell Parts • Microfilaments and Microtubules • Structural components, “skeleton” of the cell

  22. Cellular Classification Unicellular Organisms • Single celled • Bacteria, archaea, some protists (euglena, paramecium, amoeba) Multicellular Organisms • More than one cell • Plants, animals, fungi, some protists

  23. Cellular Classification Eukaryote • Nucleus present • Single or multi-celled • Membrane bound organelles • Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Prokaryote • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Single celled • “Primitive” • Bacteria, Archaea

  24. Cellular Classification Plant • Eukaryotic • Cell wall (cellulose) • Vacuole, chloroplast • No lysosome, no centrioles Animal • Eukaryotic • Lysosomes, centrioles • No cell wall, no vacuole, no chloroplast

  25. Cells Eukaryote Plant Animal Fungi Bacteria Archaea Prokaryote Protists

  26. Practice • Which of the kingdoms contain only multicellular organisms? • Plant, Animal • Which of the kingdoms contain only single-celled organisms? • Bacteria, Archaea • Which of the kingdoms contain both single-celled and multicellular organisms? • Fungi, Protist

  27. Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs. • Human • M/E/Animal • Cat • M/E/Animal • Bacteria • U/P/Bacteria • Oak Tree • M/E/Plant • Goldfish • M/E/Animal

  28. Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs. • Euglena • U/E/Protist • Mushroom • M/E/Fungi • Fly • M/E/Animal • Snake • M/E/Animal • Paramecium • U/E/Protist

  29. Practice: Decide whether each of the following is unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic; and state the kingdom to which belongs. • Daffodil • M/E/Plant • Cyanobacteria • U/E/Protist • Virus • None • Kelp • M/E/Protist

  30. Homeostasis • Maintaining a constant and stable environment inside of an organism • Examples • Breathe in oxygen • Breathe out carbon dioxide • Eat Food • Energy • Building Blocks • Eliminate Waste • Maintain Temperature • Blood pH • Blood sugar

  31. How does each of the following organs, systems, or responses function in maintaining homeostasis? • Kidneys • Cardiovascular System • Shivering • Sweating • Sunning • Buffers in our blood • Roots on a plant • Leaves on a plant • Digestive System • Mitochondria • Lysosome • Stomach

  32. Cellular Transport • Materials Transported into a cell: • Nutrients • Water • Sugar (carbohydrates) • Ions • Amino Acids • Fats • Oxygen • Materials Transported out of a cell: • Waste • Carbon Dioxide • Proteins • Sugar • Hormones

  33. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Active Transport • Requires Energy (ATP) • Uses Transport Protein

  34. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Does not require energy • Particles move from high concentration to low concentration. • Works to reach equilibrium

  35. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Diffusion • Movement of particles through the membrane down a concentration gradient http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/diff.html

  36. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Osmosis • Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

  37. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Passive Transport • Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of particles through a cell membrane by means of a transport protein. • Down the concentration gradient • Does NOT require energy.

  38. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Movement of water • Water makes up about 70% of the cell and is required for transport of food, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. • Water moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.

  39. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • These are relative terms used to compare two solutions • Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration • Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute concentration • Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration

  40. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

  41. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an isotonic solution • Animal cells in a hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst • Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel

  42. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis

  43. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Osmosis • Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a hypotonic solution. • Plant cells in an isotonic solution become flaccid/ limp • Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo plasmolysis

  44. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

  45. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Endocytosis • “Cell eating” • A cell takes in macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell.

  46. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane • Exocytosis • A cell secretes macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

  47. Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane- PRACTICE • 1. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what will happen to the cell? • Lose water, shrivel • 2. A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a 0.2M solution? • Into the cell • 3. What term best describes the process by which a drop of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through a beaker of water? • diffusion

  48. 7.5M NaCl 5.7M NaCl Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane- PRACTICE • In the diagram, what will be the direction of net water movement across the semi-permeable membrane? To the left

  49. Cell Division • Mitosis • Growth and Repair • Somatic (body) cells • Daughter cells: • Two produced • Diploid (2n) • Identical to the parent

  50. Cell Division Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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