History of Mind

1. History of Mind Phrenology In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were diverse. Organizer no. 1

2. Neural Communication • The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons. • Glial cell: this acts as a support system for neurons. • When a neuron fires the first bit of the axon opens its gates, like manhole covers flipping open. Axons are like dominoes falling. This process repeats up to 1,000 times a second. Organizer no. 2

3. Neuron Communication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FR4S1BqdFG4&feature=related

4. Neuron Nerve cells that connect with synapses. Chemical substances cross the gap from one nerve cell to another sending messages through the body. Organizer no. 3

5. Excitatory and Inhibitory Processes • Excitatory: signals from hundreds of neurons to other neurons. Like pushing a accelerator. • Inhibitory: signals from neurons that are like pushing a brake. Organizer no. 4

6. All or None Law • Neuron completely fires or it doesn’t fire at all. • Example: A gun firing. A slap rather than a tap.

7. Interneurons • Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

8. Parts of a Neuron Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron. Dendrites:Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons. Axon:Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath layer of fatty tissue that insulates and speed up messages through neurons. Organizer no. 7 Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.

9. Action Potential A firing on a neuron. Occurs when a change inside a neuron becomes more positive than the charge outside. An impulse travels in a wavelike manner along the axon of a nerve, it causes a localized and switch in electric potential across the cell membrane from. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifD1YG07fB8

10. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.

11. Neurotransmitters

12. Agonists and Antagonists • Drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters. • Drugs which block the activity of neurotransmitters. Organizer no. 8

13. Neurotransmitters http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeZCmqePLzM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3aOZlgJ3eA

14. Reuptake • Within 1/10,000th of a second a transmitter molecule crosses the synaptic gap and binds to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. • Soon after this process the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters. • SSRI: class of drugs used to relieve anxiety by limiting reuptake of a neurotransmitter.

15. Endorphins • Morphine within natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure. • Helps explain good feelings such as the runners high, the painkilling effects of acupunture. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbjJBZIONUc Organizer no. 9

16. The Nervous System Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system. Delivers messages like email. Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. Organizer no. 10

17. What happens when you burn your hand? • The peripheral nervous system would send impulses through a large number of neurons to the spinal cord. • A simple reflex action occurs next and the effector neurons would send the message to the arm muscles to jerk your hand back. The spinal cord would simultaneously relay the message of the pattern of stimuli to the brain.

18. The Ultimate Brain

19. Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System: the control system of the body that regulates breathing, heart rate and digestion. Sympathetic Nervous System: division of the ANS that arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations.

20. Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord and Reflexes Simple Reflex

21. The Endocrine System TheEndocrine Systemisthe body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands. Speedy nervous system zips messages from the eyes to brain to the hand in a fraction of a second.

22. Hormones Hormonesare chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body. For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations. Organizer no. 11

23. Pituitary Gland Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.

24. Adrenal Glands • Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.

25. The Brain Studying the Brain A brain lesion/ablation experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction. Example: Removal of an area of the temporal lobe of a monkey to see where different behaviors originate.

26. Biggest Distraction for the brain The brain processes sound 50x faster than vision. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBQOghQ4IYg Organizer no. 12

27. Prefrontal Cortex • Responsible for decision making and impulse control. Organizer no. 13. • Not fully developed until around 20 years of age. Reason for impulsive behavior by teens. • Does biological drives overpower reason? • Can too much serotonin cause abnormal behavior among teens?

28. The Brain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2O9Veprz7w&feature=PlayList&p=46DE142CB9C72C3A&index=78 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2YlTVg_7Ko

29. MRI Scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images showenlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

30. Older Brain Structures TheBrainstemisthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

31. Brain Stem The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation isa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. Organizer no. 14

32. Brain Stem The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cerebral cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. Organizer no. 15

33. Cerebellum The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements, balance and thinking processes. Organizer no. 16 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_77-ewz5Ig

34. The Limbic System The Limbic System isa doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum. Associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Qxu5cvW-ds

35. Amygdala The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger. Example: Waterboy. Organizer no. 17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfC4u5GCy3I

36. Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Organizer no. 18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sG9wqZ7Dtx4&feature=related

37. The Cerebral Cortex Interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres like bark on a tree. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

38. Glial Cells • Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. • Neurons are like queen bees who can’t feed on their own. These cells are the worker bees. Organizer no. 19

39. Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes. Frontal lobe (forehead)-reasoning and personality. Parietal lobe (top to rear head-Responds to touch, heat, cold and pain. Occipital lobe (back head)-vision. Temporal lobe (side of head)-Hearing, language.

40. Language Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyyjU8fzEYU

41. Paul Broca • Discovered an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is critical for the production of spoken language.

42. Carl Wernicke • German neurologist and psychiatrist who showed the effects of damage upon a specific area of the temporal lobe. • Disrupts the ability to comprehend or produce spoken or written language.

43. Association Areas • Areas of the cerebral cortex found in all four lobes that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering and speaking. • Link sensory input with stored memories.

44. Can a Damaged Brain Reorganize Itself • Plasticity: brain’s ability to change during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. • Ex. If surgery or injury destroys part of a child’s brain the brain will compensate by putting other areas to work. Organizer no. 20 • Neurogenesis: baby neurons that originate deep in the brain and then move elsewhere to form connections with other neurons. Some animals form thousands of new neurons each day.

45. Plasticity

46. Concussions • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0xJT53SZqQ

47. Brain disease • http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/44493795#44493795

48. Our Divided Brain Our brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain. Organizer no. 22-23

49. Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Organizer no. 21 Corpus Callosum

50. Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyyjU8fzEYU