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SPRAWL: WHAT IS IT?

SPRAWL: WHAT IS IT?. DEFINING IT & MEASURING IT. DENSITY: L.A. vs. N.Y. RESIDENTIAL USE. TRANSPORTATION: PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC. LAND USE FRAGMENTATION. TRAVEL COMPARISONS. Phoenix land use -1912. Phoenix land use - 1995. EL PASO-CD. JUAREZ. PEOPLE AND LAND. 1982 and 1992.

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SPRAWL: WHAT IS IT?

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  1. SPRAWL: WHAT IS IT? DEFINING IT & MEASURING IT

  2. DENSITY: L.A. vs. N.Y

  3. RESIDENTIAL USE

  4. TRANSPORTATION: PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC

  5. LAND USE FRAGMENTATION

  6. TRAVEL COMPARISONS

  7. Phoenix land use -1912

  8. Phoenix land use - 1995

  9. EL PASO-CD. JUAREZ

  10. PEOPLE AND LAND 1982 and 1992 Figure 1: Increase in Population and Developed Land Area in Metropolitan Areas, 1970-1990 (Source: Surface Transportation Policy Project)

  11. EL PASO (1988-1999) Source: City of El Paso Planning Department

  12. DIMENSIONS OF SPRAWL Galster et al. • DENSITY • CONTINUITY • CONCENTRATION • COMPACTNESS • CENTRALITY • NUCLEARITY • DIVERSITY OF LAND USES • PROXIMITY

  13. OPERATIONALIZATION OF SPRAWL

  14. MEASURING SPRAWL (1) (2) Where: di= dimension i of sprawl Sy = standard deviation of dimension i Si = sprawl index Source: Galster et al.

  15. LIMITATIONS OF GALSTER ET AL. • All the dimensions of sprawl are given equal weight • It is static in the sense that it gives a picture but it is silent about changes and the dynamic of change • It requires a great deal of work to define the unit of analysis

  16. Lopez & Hynes methodology • According to the authors, density is the most important dimension of sprawl • The authors use census tracks instead of the quarter mile square used by Galster et al. • The authors classify three types of density tracks • The authors use a cross-sectional study • Comparative static (two points in time) and silent about dynamics

  17. Lopez & Hynes Sprawl Index Where: Si = sprawl index for metropolitan area i D%i = percentage of total population in high-density census track S%i = percentage of total population in low-density census track If 100 percent of the population live in low-density track then index = 100 If 100 percent of the population live in high-density track then index = 0

  18. THE GROWTH MANAGEMENT PROCESS Design Building codes • Density • Impacts • Environment • Social • Economic • Internalizing • Externalities by • pricing “right” • Public & quasi-public goods • Continuous growth • Avoid leapfrog dev. • Establishing UGB • Locating uses • Matching development • with infrastructure (CIP) • Finding a proper place for • LULU’s

  19. POLICY APPROACHES • Top-down (Portland) • Incentive-based system (Maryland) • Laissez-Faire Approach (Houston) STALEY • Legislative decision making • Bureaucratic decision making • Market decision making

  20. KEY QUESTIONS • Why do we attach a negative connotation to sprawl? • When do we know that a city has become “too big”? What are the parameters to judge size? • Can sprawl be reversed? What role should the market and government play? • Is smart growth really the answer? • Where does the “happy median” lie? • What is the difference between growth management and smart growth policies?

  21. Class Questions • E. Harrison   • 1.  The readings state that Los Angeles was once targeted as the prime "sprawl" example.  Recently, however, Atlanta has been named as the prime "sprawl" example.  Did Los Angeles do something to eliminate or reduce sprawl, or is Atlanta so much worse that planners now use it as the prime sprawl example? • 2.  Given that sprawl is multi-dimemsional and planners have such a hard time defining it, much less formulating strategies to reduce or eliminate it, is it possible to address each of the dimensions (density, continuity, concentration, compactness, centrality, nuclearity, diversity and proximity) seperately through zoning ordinances in an effort to control the multitude of consequences as a result of sprawl? • B. Lucero • 1.  In the Samuel Staley article he seems to say that smart growth is cumbersome and not as advantageous as one would imagine, but isn't the fact that it requires more citizen input what makes this more democratic and less market driven? • 2.  In the Jerry Anthony article he mentions that one way to ensure that growth management policies are not exclusive is to include specific provisions that would ensure that there are affordable housing aspects in the plan and that these measures are followed.  Is the limitation in the policy that it put environmental concerns over people in creating a livable community that managed growth? 

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