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Chapter Three, Lesson Three: Early Islam

Chapter Three, Lesson Three: Early Islam. The Death of Muhammad and its consequences. What happened when Muhammad died suddenly in 632? Muslims were panicked because they had no one to lead them. Some groups renounced (or gave up) Islam. The First Caliph.

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Chapter Three, Lesson Three: Early Islam

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  1. Chapter Three, Lesson Three: Early Islam

  2. The Death of Muhammad and its consequences What happened when Muhammad died suddenly in 632? • Muslims were panicked because they had no one to lead them. • Some groups renounced (or gave up) Islam

  3. The First Caliph After Muhammad’s death, a council was formed to elect a “caliph” who would be the political and military leader of the Muslims.

  4. The First Caliph There were four choices for caliph: • Abu Bakr • Muhammad’s father-in-law and closest companion. • Umar • Muhammad’s friend and advisor • Uthman • Muhammad’s friend and advisor • Ali • Muhammad’s blood relative • His cousin, son-in-law, and father of his grandchildren.

  5. The First Caliph Abu Bakr was chosen as the first caliph • 632-634 • Had to put down revolts by tribes that left. • Arabs became united again. • Muslim state began to expand into Syria and Mesopotamia.

  6. The Next Two Caliphs When Abu Bakr dies, Umar is named successor. • 634-644 • Continued to expand empire • Muslims were tolerant of Jews and Christians and allowed them to keep their culture.

  7. The Next Two Caliphs Upon his death, Umar named a council to choose the next caliph. Uthman was chosen • 644-656 • Continued to conquer other lands including N. Africa and Persia.

  8. The Next Two Caliphs Problems in the Empire: • As the empire expands, different people come under Muslim rule. • Communication between Medina and the other areas become difficult. • Had to rely on local people to govern.

  9. Early Political Division After Uthman is murdered in 656: • Ali is elected caliph, BUT… • Muawiya wants to be caliph and challenges the rule of Ali.

  10. Early Political Division • Muawiya demands that Ali punish Uthman’s murderers • Ali and Muawiya’s supporters begin fighting with each other. • Ali is murdered in 661 and Muawiya becomes caliph.

  11. Early Political Division Shiites • Believe descendants of Muhammad should be caliph. • Say Ali should have been chosen first. • Believe that there should be an Imam (spiritual leader) Sunnis • Support the election of the “Rightly-Guided Caliphs” • Emphasize Muhammad’s teachings that all people have a direct relationship with God.

  12. Big Ideas…Lesson Two • The First Four Caliphs • 632: Muhammad dies, leaving no successor • Council chooses first caliph • 632-634: Abu Bakr • 634-644: Umar • 644-656: Uthman • 656-661: Ali • Shiite and Sunni • Two political divisions among Muslims: • Shiites: believe that Ali should have been the first caliph • Sunnis: accept the election of the first four caliphs. • Differences are political.

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