TAKS Objective 3

1. TAKS Objective 3 Structures and Properties of Matter NaBr + HCl → NaCl + HBr

2. TAKS Objective 3 Overview Chemical and Physical Properties of Substances Classifying Matter Identifying Compounds Chemical Reactions Periodic Table Chemical Equations • 6Questions out of 60. • You need at least 5right to pass this objective. • Here is what you should know about Objective 3: • Composition of Matter • Atomic Structure • Properties of Atoms • Interactions Between Matter and Energy • Interactions Between Matter and Energy • Specific Heat Dallas Independent School District Science Department

3. Matter • Matter is anything that takes up space(volume) and has mass. • Matter is classified in many ways. • Matter in our everyday world is either solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

4. Classifying Matter How you could group these objects? Describe 2-3 ways. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

5. By Color yellow blue red Dallas Independent School District Science Department

6. By the kinds of edges curved edges straight edges Dallas Independent School District Science Department

7. by shape. rectangles triangles circles squares Dallas Independent School District Science Department

8. Were you able to come up with 2-3 ways to sort the objects? color shape edge Did you find any different ways? ideas? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

9. Classifying Matter • Physical and chemical properties can be used to identify and classify a substance. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

10. You can observe and measure The physical properties of matter. sight smell taste hearing touch Dallas Independent School District Science Department

11. Gas Liquid Solid Physical Properties of Matter • Color • Odor • Physical State • Luster • Malleability • Ductility • Conductivity • Hardness • Melting/Freezing Point • Boiling Point • Density • Solubility Dallas Independent School District Science Department

12. Chemical Properties of Matter • The ability of a substance to change into a new substance. • Flammability • Ability to rust • Ability to react with acids Dallas Independent School District Science Department

13. Checkpoint 3.1, Classifying Matter Which lab procedure described below would provide information about the chemical properties of a clear liquid substance? A Cooling it to find its freezing temperature B Observing the rate at which it evaporates C Comparing its density to the density of water D Adding an acid to see whether a gas is produced Dallas Independent School District Science Department

14. Periodic Table Overview An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. It is made of only one kind of atom. The Periodic Table organizeselements based on their properties. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

15. 3 Classes of Elements Dallas Independent School District Science Department

16. Metals Location • Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception  Hydrogen) Chemical Properties • Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily Physical Properties • ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are solid @ room temperature Image taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98/Sodium.htm What metal is not a solid @ room temperature? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

17. Non-Metals Location • Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties • Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer level Physical Properties • not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature Image taken from: http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm Image taken from: https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp Dallas Independent School District Science Department

18. Metalloids Location • Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table Chemical Properties • Most atoms have ½ (≈) complete set of electrons in outer level Physical Properties • have properties of both metals and non-metals Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml Dallas Independent School District Science Department

19. Checkpoint 3.2, Periodic Table Overview Which of the following groups of elements from the periodic table contains only metals?A Group 12B Group 14C Group 16D Group 18 Dallas Independent School District Science Department

20. Atoms • Atom- basic building block of all matter • An atom is the smallest particle an element can be divided into and still be the same element. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

21. Atomic Structure • There are 4 main structures of an atom • Shell, Cloud, Level • Proton • Electron • Neutron Dallas Independent School District Science Department

22. HELIUM ATOM Shell Cloud Level proton N + - + N - neutron electron What do these particles consist of? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

23. ATOMIC STRUCTURE Particle Charge Mass proton positive charge 1 neutron No charge 1 electron negative charge 0 Dallas Independent School District Science Department

24. ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electrons are arranged inEnergy LevelsorShellsaround the nucleus of an atom. • first shell a maximum of 2 electrons • second shell a maximum of 8 electrons • third shell a maximum of 18 electrons Dallas Independent School District Science Department

25. ATOMIC STRUCTURE He 2 Atomic number the number of protons in an atom 4 Atomic mass the number of protons and neutrons in an atom number of electrons = number of protons Dallas Independent School District Science Department

26. Checkpoint 3.3, Atomic Structure Which of the following best represents the structure of a lithium (Li) atom?A CB D Dallas Independent School District Science Department

27. Important Features of the Periodic Table:Period (Row) • each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table How many periods (rows) are on the Periodic Table Of Elements? FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT Dallas Independent School District Science Department

28. Period (Row) Properties • Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered from the top down) • All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of orbitals/levels • All atoms of the elements in a specific period have that respective number of orbitals/levels • Example • Period 1 = 1 orbital • Period 2 = 2 orbitals • Period 3 = 3 orbitals • Etc… Dallas Independent School District Science Department

29. - - - + + + + - - - - - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - + - - - - - - - + + + - + + + - + - + + + - - - + + + - + + - - - - + + - - - - - - - - Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same number of orbitals/levels in their atoms In what period (row) do you think these atoms reside? In what period (row) do you think these atoms reside? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

30. Important Features of the Periodic Table: Group (Family) • each column of elements on the periodic table How many groups (families) are on the Periodic Table Of Elements? FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP Dallas Independent School District Science Department

31. Group (Family) Properties • Eighteen groups on the periodic table (numbered from left to right) • Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbitals/ levels of their atoms (known as valence electrons). • Exceptions: • Transition elements (3-12) • Hydrogen (could be 1 or 17) • Helium (actually has 2 valence electrons) • Elements in groups usually have similar physical and chemical properties. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

32. 1 H 1.008 3 Li 6.941 + 11 Na 22.990 + + - 19 K 39.098 - - + 37 Rb 85.468 - - + + + + 55 Cs 132.905 + - - + + 87 Fr (223) - - - - Examples of Group Elements with the same # of valence electrons How many electrons do each of these atoms have in their outer orbital/level? What group (family) do these elements reside in? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

33. Identify the Element Period 2 – Group 14  Period 5 – Group 2  Group 17 – Period 6  Group 4 – Period 7  Carbon - C Strontium - Sr Astatine - As Rutherfordium - Rf Dallas Independent School District Science Department

34. Using the Periodic Table • The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a significant amount of information. To understand this information, it is necessary to refer to the Periodic Table’s key (s). Atomic Number (Number of protons) Element Symbol (Written with a capital letter followed by a lower case) Element Name Atomic Mass (Rounded to a whole number, equals the number of protons and neutrons) What is Oxygen’s physical state of matter? Which class does Oxygen fall into? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

35. + = 8 = 8 = 8 + + + - How to Obtain the Number of Sub-Atomic Particles in an Atom Using a Periodic Table - - - 8 + + + O - - + + Oxygen - 15.9994 - - Protons Neutrons Electrons + - Equal to the atomic mass (rounded to a whole #) minus the # of protons Equal to the atomic # on the Periodic Table Equal to the # of protons Example: Determine the # of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of oxygen. Protons = 8 (Atomic #) Neutrons = 8 (Rounded atomic mass minus atomic #) Electrons = 8 (# of P) Neutron Calculations = 16 (P + N) – 8 (P) = 8 N Dallas Independent School District Science Department

36. Sodium-23 mass number Dallas Independent School District Science Department

37. Carbon-12 mass number Dallas Independent School District Science Department

38. Checkpoint 3.4, Properties of Atoms How many electrons does gold (Au) have? F 79 G 118 H 197 J 276 Dallas Independent School District Science Department

39. Elements, Molecules, and Compounds Some elements, such as the noble gases, exist as individual atoms. Often, elements consist of two or more atoms joined together. We call these molecules. If more than one type of atom is in a molecule, we call it a compound. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

40. Element or Compound? methane, CH4 sulphur, S8 compound element (Click for answer) (Click for answer) hydrogen peroxide H2O2 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 compound compound (Click for answer) (Click for answer) oxygen (ozone), O3 carbon (buckyball), C60 element element (Click for answer) (Click for answer) Dallas Independent School District Science Department

41. Mixtures This is a mixture of elements made up of atoms, elements made up of molecules, and compounds. In a mixture, the particles are not joined together. Atom, molecule or compound? (click for answer) atom Atom, molecule or compound? (click for answer) molecule Atom, molecule or compound? (click for answer) compound Dallas Independent School District Science Department

42. Compounds • Compounds are formed when atoms of differentelements are combined. • When the elements are combined their properties change. Dallas Independent School District Science Department

43. Analogy: • Think of elements as letters of the alphabet and compounds as words formed by combining the letters. • We can spell all of the English words with just 26 letters. • We can form millions of compounds with just 109 elements. • Ex: Sodium(Na) + Chlorine (Cl) = Salt (NaCl) Dallas Independent School District Science Department

44. Forming Compounds: • When compounds are formed Chemical changes occur. • The compound does not have the same physical properties of its components. • When combining two elements a new substance is formed? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

45. Checkpoint 3.5 Identifying Compounds chlorophyll 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Plants use the sun’s energy to make food through photosynthesis. This chemical process is written as the chemical equation shown above. Which of the following lists the three elements that make up the compounds in this equation?A Chlorophyll, carbon, hydrogenB Carbon, sunlight, oxygenC Carbon, oxygen, hydrogenD Water, oxygen, hydrogen Dallas Independent School District Science Department

46. Physical Change • a change in shape, size, color, or state • a change without a change in chemical composition • a change that is reversible Examples tearing paper cutting your hair change in state Physical changes are not indicative of a chemical reaction Dallas Independent School District Science Department

47. Chemical Change • a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties • a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means • Changes that usually cause temperature change, sound, light, odor, bubbling/foaming, or color changes Examples mixing vinegar & baking soda burning a piece of wood soured milk Dallas Independent School District Science Department

48. Chemical Reaction • The process by which a chemical change occurs • Atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and reformed • Chemical reactions involve changes in matter, the making of new materials with new properties, and energy changes. What does H2 & O2 gas create? Dallas Independent School District Science Department H2 O2

49. Exothermic Reaction A chemical reaction in which energy is released. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (respiration) Endothermic Reaction A chemical reaction in which energy isabsorbed. CO2 + H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + O2 (photosynthesis) Energy and Chemical Reactions Can you think of other reactions where energy is gained or released? Dallas Independent School District Science Department

50. Checkpoint 3.6 Chemical Reactions Which of the following situations contains an example of a chemical reaction? A Ice forming after water is placed in a freezer B Watercolor paint drying on paper C A sugar cube dissolving in a glass of water D A bicycle rusting after it is left in the rain Dallas Independent School District Science Department