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Networking

Based on the powerpoint presentation of Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet , Third Edition, J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 0-321-22735-2. Networking. roughly hierarchical

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Networking

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  1. Based on the powerpoint presentation ofComputer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, Third Edition, J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross, Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 0-321-22735-2. Networking

  2. roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage treat each other as equals Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately Internet structure: network of networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

  3. Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint Sprint US backbone network

  4. “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs NAP Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP • Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet • tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Internet structure: network of networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

  5. Tier-2 ISP: e.g., Abilene (Internet2) http://loadrunner.uits.iu.edu/weathermaps/abilene/abilene.html

  6. “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems) Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP NAP Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Internet structure: network of networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

  7. a packet passes through many networks! Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Internet structure: network of networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

  8. packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay) packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers How do loss and delay occur? A B

  9. 1. nodal processing: determine output link transmission A propagation B nodal processing queueing Four sources of packet delay • 2. queueing • time waiting at output link for transmission • depends on congestion level of router

  10. 3. Transmission delay: time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: time to travel down link transmission A propagation B nodal processing queueing Delay in packet-switched networks

  11. “Real” Internet delays and routes • What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like? • Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: • sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination • router i will return packets to sender • sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes

  12. Packet loss • queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity • when packet arrives to full queue, packet is dropped (aka lost) • lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not retransmitted at all

  13. Networks are complex! many “pieces”: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software Question: Is there any hope of organizing structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks? Protocol “Layers”

  14. ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing airplane routing Organization of air travel • a series of steps

  15. ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing airplane routing Organization of air travel: a different view Layers: each layer implements a service • via its own internal-layer actions • relying on services provided by layer below

  16. Layered air travel: services Counter-to-counter delivery of person+bags baggage-claim-to-baggage-claim delivery people transfer: loading gate to arrival gate runway-to-runway delivery of plane airplane routing from source to destination

  17. airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing Distributed implementation of layer functionality ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing arriving airport Departing airport intermediate air traffic sites

  18. Why layering? Dealing with complex systems: • explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system’s pieces • modularization eases maintenance, updating of system

  19. application: supporting network applications HTTP,FTP, SMTP transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet physical: bits “on the wire” application transport network link physical Internet protocol stack

  20. network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical Layering: logical communication

  21. E.g.: transport take data from app add addressing, and other info send packet to peer wait for peer to respond analogy: post office network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical data data data ack Layering: logical communication transport transport

  22. network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical data data Layering: physical communication

  23. M M H H H H H H H H H H H H t t t t l n l t n n t n M M M M application transport network link physical application transport network link physical M M Protocol layering and data Each layer takes data from above • adds header information to create new data unit • passes new data unit to layer below source destination message segment datagram frame

  24. 1983: deployment of TCP/IP 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation 1985: FTP protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks Internet History 1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

  25. early 1990s: Web hypertext HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990’s: commercialization of the Web Late 1990’s – 2000’s: more killer apps: instant messaging, peer2peer file sharing (e.g., Naptser) network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps Internet History 1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps

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