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6-2.4

6-2.4. Describe the expansion and transition of the Roman government from monarchy to republic to empire, including the roles of Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar ( Octavius ) . HUMAN INGENUITY. Why do we create? What are the consequences?. How did the geography of Rome help its development ?.

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6-2.4

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  1. 6-2.4 Describe the expansion and transition of the Roman government from monarchy to republic to empire, including the roles of Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar (Octavius).

  2. HUMAN INGENUITY Why do we create? What are the consequences?

  3. How did the geography of Rome help its development?

  4. 1. The Location • A. Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea.

  5. B. This made Italy a very good location for trading goods with many other civilizations.

  6. 2. Rome was difficult to attack. • They were protected by the Alps (mountains). • The narrow peninsula shape made it hard to attack from the Mediterranean Sea.

  7. How did the Etruscans influence Roman development?

  8. 1. Rise of the Etruscans • A rich Etruscan family called the Tarquins took over the village of Rome. • They established a monarchy.

  9. 2. Fall of the Etruscans • The Roman people overthrew the Etruscan king and established the Roman Republic.

  10. What did Rome accomplish as a Republic?

  11. Rome during the Republic • During this time Rome became very powerful because of trade and conquest. • It came to control the Mediterranean region after winning a series of wars with Carthage.

  12. Who was most responsible for Rome changing into a dictatorship?

  13. Julius Caesar Why was Caesar murdered?

  14. Trouble in Rome • A large gap began to grow between the rich and poor • Thousands of farmers faced disaster • Cities were becoming overcrowded and dangerous • Poverty caused widespread anger and riots were breaking out

  15. Why the problems? • Soldiers returning home from war found that their farms now belong to someone else. • They could not get a job on these large farms (latifundia) since they used slave labor. • Their only hope was to find work in the city.

  16. The First Triumvirate • Triumvirate – political alliance of three men. • Pompey – The Military • Crassus – The Money • Caesar – The People • They acted as three consuls instead of two.

  17. Who was Julius Caesar? • Roman army general • Had led his army to conquer the region of Gaul • Had sent an expedition over to Britain • Was a popular hero with his troops and with the ordinary people of Rome

  18. Caesar and Pompey • After Crassus dies, Pompey and Caesar become rivals • The Senate disliked Caesar and supported Pompey – they ordered Caesar to get rid of his army • Caesar ignored them and defeated Pompey in battle • Caesar then took over Rome as ‘Dictator for Life’

  19. “Hail, Julius Caesar” • Caesar was very popular with the common people (Plebeians). • He was very unpopular with most wealthy class people (Patricians). • Why? • He granted citizenship to all Romans, even those outside of the Italian peninsula. • He created more jobs for the poor. • He ordered landowners using slave labor to hire free workers from the overcrowded cities.

  20. Calpurnia, Caesar’s wife, begged him not to go to the Senate. She had had a nightmare that he would be murdered.

  21. A violent storm happened. This was to bring bad luck to Caesar.

  22. Caesar ignored a soothsayer outside the Senate. He told him to “beware the ides of March”.

  23. Inside the Senate, a group of senators stabbed him to death, one by one. Casca stabbed him first. There were 23 blows.

  24. The Murder • 15th March 44BC Caesar gets ready to go to the senate • More than 60 conspirators wait for Caesar in the Senate • The conspirators, all senators, are led by Brutus and Cassius • With daggers concealed under their togas they murder Caesar, stabbing him at least 23 times • Caesar says to his friend Brutus ‘You, too, my child.’

  25. Why was Caesar murdered? • He became the most powerful man and sole leader in Rome. • Many thought he was too powerful and felt he planned to make himself a king. • The Roman Senate feared that they may lose their power since Caesar was so popular with the people.

  26. What happened to Rome? • Julius Caesar was most responsible for initiating Rome’s move away from a republic and toward a permanent dictatorship.

  27. Homework Assessment Your Task – write a newspaper front page article reporting on the murder of Julius Caesar Include what happened and why it happened

  28. WRITING • Using the Schaffer writing model, answer the following: • Do you think it was ok for the Senators to murder Julius Caesar? • Explain your answer using at least two concrete details.

  29. What was life like during the PaxRomana?

  30. The End of the Roman Republic • The death of Julius Caesar plunged Rome into civil war (again). • Three men share power after defeating Caesar’s assassins: • Octavian – Caesar’s great-nephew • Marc Antony – a top general and friend of Caesar • Lepidus – another top general

  31. Fighting…again! • The triumvirate shares power but fight immediately over who controlled what. • Lepidus retires and Octavian and Marc Antony share power. • Octavian declares war on Marc Antony and wins. • The end of civil wars is also the end of the Republic.

  32. A New Era • Octavian declares himself “Emperor”. • Took the name Augustus which means “the majestic one or great one”. • The reign of Caesar Augustus begins the 200 year period of peace and prosperity known as the PaxRomana or “Roman Peace”.

  33. Contributions of Caesar Augustus • Built up the army to over 150,000 men • Created the Praetorian Guard of 9000 men in charge of guarding the emperor. • Added Spain, and the rest of Gaul (France) to the empire. • Added present day Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria (most of Southeastern Europe)

  34. He did even more… • Rebuilt the city of Rome into a majestic, glorious city. • Patron of the arts. • Continued to feed the poor But… • he lived simply • Did not seek public attention.

  35. After Augustus • People from all over the empire were granted Roman citizenship. • The empire reached its height during the reign of Emperor Trajan. • The empire eventually stretches to Britain in the north and part of Mesopotamia in the east. • Despite the many differences, Roman law united all people in the empire.

  36. Why the AOI? • Why do you think I chose to teach this lesson using the following AOI: • Human Ingenuity

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