1 / 16

Communicable Diseases

Communicable Diseases. Figure 2.10: The Burden of Disease by Group of Cause, Percent of Deaths, 2001. Data from Lopez AD, et al Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC and New York: The World Bank and Oxford University Press; 2006:8.

calum
Download Presentation

Communicable Diseases

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Communicable Diseases

  2. Figure 2.10: The Burden of Disease by Group of Cause, Percent of Deaths, 2001 Data from Lopez AD, et al Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC and New York: The World Bank and Oxford University Press; 2006:8.

  3. Table 2.5: The Ten Leading Causes of Death in Children Ages 0-14, by Broad Income Group, 2001 Adapted with permission from: Lopez A, Begg S, Bos E. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990-2001. In: Lopez A, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Jamison D, Murray C, eds. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC and New York: The World Bank and Oxford University Press; 2006:70.

  4. Key Terms • Communicable diseases includes: • Those caused by infectious agents, such as: • Malaria • HIV/AIDS • TB • Cholera • Those caused by parasites, such as: • Hookworm • Filariasis

  5. Studying Communicable Diseases • Many aspects to the study of communicable diseases • Infectious organism and its transmission vector • Life cycle and reservoir (where it lives) of the infectious organism/parasite and/or transmission vector • Cycle of infection • Human to human; host to insect to human… • Pathology of the organism in the body • Diagnosis • Treatment • Prevention

  6. Modes of Transmission • Direct contact - person to person • Contact with an infected skin lesion • Contact with blood or other body fluids • Contact with fecal material of a sick person and then touch your eyes, nose…. • Breathe in droplets expelled by coughing/sneezing sick person (some consider this airborne) • Sexual contact • Needle sharing

  7. Modes of Transmission • Airborne • Pathogen is aerosolized, attached to dust…in the air • Become infected by breathing in the infected air • Isolation of the infected individual is recommended to prevent transmission • Examples: SARS (TB , influenza)

  8. Modes of Transmission • Vector-borne • Spread by an animal - often by the bite of an infected insect • Rabies – animal bite • Malaria – mosquito • Lyme disease - ticks • Dengue fever – mosquito • Insect itself is often infected by biting an infected carrier • Rodent with plague  tick  human • Livestock with African sleeping sickness  tsetse fly  human

  9. Modes of Transmission • Food and water borne • Infection occurs with ingestion of contaminated food or water • Water borne: • Cholera • Hepatitis A • Food borne – often fecally contaminated or contaminated water used to cook foods • Salmonella • E. coli

  10. Modes of Transmission • Mother-to-child (MTC) • Referred to as vertical transmission • Infection is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or mother to infant through breast milk

  11. More Key Terms • Infection – occurs when the infectious agent begins to reproduce in the body • may result in a “case” – person with disease (symptoms) • Can be infected without disease! • Typhoid Mary • Pathogenicity – # with disease (symptoms) per # infected • Virulence - # with severe illness or death per # with disease • Aka case fatality rate

  12. More Key Terms • Infectivity – capacity of the organism to cause infection in a susceptible individual • Measure infectivity by: • Secondary attack rate – average number of other people one sick person infects • # infected/# susceptible people exposed

  13. Infectious Agents • Prions • Protein based infectious particles • Viruses • Genetic material (DNA, ssDNA, RNA…) inside a protein capsid • Many are vaccine preventable • Bacteria • Prokaryotes • Some vaccine preventable • Protozoa • Eukaryotes • Fungus • Eukaryotes (molds and yeast) • Worms • Parasitic multi-celled eukaryotes

  14. Timeline of Infection

  15. Major Infectious Diseases Worldwide • HIV/AIDS • Virus • Malaria • protozoa • Tuberculosis (TB) • bacteria • Measles • virus

  16. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) • Diseases that have a significant impact on health and quality of life, but are generally not deadly • http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/en/ • ~23 minute video on the forgotten diseases • http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564090_eng.pdf

More Related