1 / 18

Repetitorium Sprawi: Basics

Repetitorium Sprawi: Basics. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) (1916), Cours de linguistique générale , Genève. Basics. Diachronie vs. Synchronie – diachronic vs. synchronic approaches deskriptive vs. präskriptive Ansätze in der Linguistik – descriptive vs. prescriptive/normative approaches.

camdyn
Download Presentation

Repetitorium Sprawi: Basics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Repetitorium Sprawi: Basics Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) • (1916), Cours de linguistique générale, Genève

  2. Basics • Diachronie vs. Synchronie – diachronic vs. synchronic approaches • deskriptive vs. präskriptive Ansätze in der Linguistik – descriptive vs. prescriptive/normative approaches

  3. Basics langue: language system langage parole: language use [Noam Chomsky: • competence (an ideal speaker/hearer’s knowledge of the language system) vs. • performance (creative use of language)]

  4. Basics paradigmatische vs. syntagmatische Perspektive – paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic analysis The butler killed the dairy maid. liked loved adored hated kissed syntagmatische Ebene, syntagmatische Beziehungen zwischen Elementen = Elemente, die im Satz aufeinander folgen paradigmatische Ebene, paradigmatische Beziehungen zwischen Elementen = Elemente, die in einem Kontext formal gegen-einander austauschbar sind

  5. Basics • das sprachliche Zeichen (linguistic sign) nach Ferdinand de Saussure: ‚ ’ arbre concept image acoustique signified, thought, concept, content, Bezeich-netes, Signifikat, Inhalt(saspekt), ideelle Seite signifié signifiant signifier, form, Bezeichnendes, Signifikant, Form(aspekt), materielle Seite, Lautbild

  6. Basics the linguistic sign (sprachliches Zeichen) according to Ferdinand de Saussure: • Arbitrarität, Willkürlichkeit – arbitrariness Ausnahme: Onomatopoetika, Lautsymbolik (cock-a-doodle-do, hiss, boom, splish, splash, splutter) • Konventionalität – conventionality • Linearität – linearity

  7. Basics Zeichentypen in der Semiotik: • Ikon, ikonisches Zeichen – icon, iconic sign  Beziehung zwischen Bezeichnendem und Bezeichnetem: Ähnlichkeit z. B. Piktogramme • Index, indexikalisches Zeichen – index, indexical sign  Beziehung zwischen Bezeichnendem und Bezeichnetem: Kausalität z. B. Rauch als Index für Feuer • Symbol, symbolisches Zeichen – symbol, symbolic sign  Beziehung zwischen Bezeichnendem und Bezeichnetem: Arbitrarität z. B. die meisten sprachlichen Zeichen

  8. Basics Das semiotische Dreieck – semiotic triangle: = Saussures signifié concept, thought symbolises refers to form, symbol stands for (an imputed relation) referent Referent (in der außersprachlichen Wirklichkeit) = Saussures signifiant Ogden, Charles K., & Ivor A. Richards (1949), The meaning of meaning, 10th ed. (1st ed. 1923), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

  9. Basics Semantische Merkmale – semantic features: man woman child [+ HUMAN] [+ HUMAN] cow calf [+ BOVINE] bull [+ ANIMATE] [- HUMAN] stallion mare foal [+ EQUINE] [+ MALE] [- MALE] [± MALE] [+ ADULT] [- ADULT]

  10. Basics • woman: [+ ANIMATE] [+ HUMAN] [- MALE] ([+ FEMALE]) [+ ADULT] • stallion: [+ ANIMATE] [- HUMAN] ([+ EQUINE]) [+ MALE] [+ ADULT] • calf: [+ ANIMATE] [- HUMAN] ([+ BOVINE]) [± MALE] [- ADULT] Semantische Merkmale – semantic features

  11. “Wort“ als sprachliche Einheit 1. „intuitiv vorgegebener und umgangssprachlich verwendeter Begriff für sprachliche Grundeinheiten“ (Bußmann 2002, “Wort“) 2. “a word is any sequence of letters which, in normal typographical practice, is bounded on either side by a space” (Lyons 1977: 18)

  12. “Wort“ als sprachliche Einheit Püppi „p” Pipp - epp, Püppi poppop ip poppep pi peppop: pappapap - peupa piappapap! peipei! pei - pi peip, piep: piapei, poi piapei! Piepoi puppa, pei puppa! puppapei! pei puppa; pei puppapei. peipeipei. Püppi o Püppi pep paupau: puppi Puppopep pop. Puppopepp o Puppopepp pop. Puppo pepp pappa peia! Krause, Ulrich (1978), „Püppi p“, in: K. P. Dencker, ed., Deutsche Unsinnspoesie, Stuttgart, 275.

  13. “Wort“ als sprachliche Einheit 1. „intuitiv vorgegebener und umgangssprachlich verwendeter Begriff für sprachliche Grundeinheiten“ (Bußmann 2002, “Wort“) 2. “a word is any sequence of letters which, in normal typographical practice, is bounded on either side by a space” (Lyons 1977: 18) 3. “the smallest independent, indivisible, and meaningful unit of speech, susceptible of transposition in sentences” (Marchand 1969: 1) ==> aber vgl.: mousetrap, waterhole, Baumschule, Fliedertee

  14. Lexem, lexikalische Einheit, Wortform Lexeme „Mit dem Terminus Lexem werden unterschiedliche sprachliche Strukturen bezeichnet, denen lediglich gemeinsam ist, daß sie speicherbar sind und eine Benennungsfunktion haben“ (Hansen et al. 1990: 12) “Lexemes [...] are the items listed in the lexicon, or ‘ideal dictionary’, of a language” (Cruse 1986: 49) Classification of lexemes • Wortlexeme: - einfache Lexeme: eye - komplexe Lexeme: eyeball, eyewitness, blue-eyed • Phraseologismen: apple of one’s eye, eye of the law (vgl. Hansen et al. 1990: 13) alternativ: einfache (simple: eye, friend), komplexe (complex: friendly, friendliness), zusammengesetzte (compound: eyeball, boyfriend) Lexeme (vgl. Lyons 1977: 521)

  15. Lexem, lexikalische Einheit, Wortform “the union of a lexical form and a single sense” (Cruse 1986: 77) Lexikalische Einheiten sind “those form-meaning complexes with (relatively) stable and discrete semantic properties which stand in meaning relations such as antonymy (e. g. long : short) and hyponymy (e. g. dog : animal), and which interact syntagmatically with contexts in various ways” (Cruse 1986: 49)

  16. Lexem, lexikalische Einheit, Wortform a. John keeps opening and shutting his mouth like a fish. b. This parasite attaches itself to the mouths of fishes, sea-squirts, etc. c. The mouth of a sea-squirt resembles that of a bottle. d. The mouth of the cave resembles that of a bottle. e. The mouth of the enormous cave was also that of the underground river.

  17. Lexem, lexikalische Einheit, Wortform COMBINATION WORD-FORM OF MORPHEMES {sing} + {SIMPLE PAST} sang {sing} + {3RD PERSON SINGULAR} sings {sing} + {CONTINUOUS} singing LANGUE PAROLE

  18. Wortarten, Wortklassen … ??? Im Zweifelsfall z. B. : Aarts, Flor, & Jan Aarts (1982), English syntactic structures. Functions and categories in sentence analysis, Oxford etc.: Prentice Hall. in Quirk-Grammatiken: „parts of speech“

More Related