BIOLOGY 221

1. BIOLOGY 221 Introductory Comments and The Scientific Method

2. Biology is the study of life

3. Two of the unifying ideas of biology • Cells – basic units of life B. Evolution- the common ancestry and changes over time in response to Natural Selection (the mechanism of evolution in Classic Darwinian Evolution).

4. Properties that are shared by all living organisms

5. Order Each organism possesses a highly ordered structure even if they may seem simplistic (like prokaryotic cells or single-celled eukaryotic organisms).

7. Growth, development, and reproduction All living organisms reproduce and pass their DNA from parent to offspring. DNA then directs the pattern of growth and development

9. Regulation Living organisms have regulatory mechanisms that function in the coordination of the organism’s functions

11. Response to stimuli (sensitivity) All organisms respond to internal and external stimuli.

13. Energy processing All living organisms obtain and then transform energy into a usable form (ATP

15. Homeostasis All organisms are capable of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

17. Evolutionary adaptation Living organisms adapt to their environments

19. The hierarchy of living organisms Is based on structural levels with each level building on the levels below it. With each step upward in the hierarchy there are new properties that are not present at the previous level (emergent properties). Emergent properties are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

20. Molecules

21. Subcellular structures

22. Cell

23. Tissue

24. Organ

25. Organ System

26. Organism

27. Population

28. Community The cats, mice, grass, insects etc. that all live in a given area

29. Ecosystem The living organisms of the community + the abiotic factors that affect them

30. Biosphere

31. Taxonomy The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships.

32. History Linneaus suggested two kingdoms: Plant Kingdom and Animal Kingdom Then there were three: Plant, Animal, and Bacteria In 1969, Whittaker proposed the five Kingdom system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia). Then there were six: adding Archeabacteria to Whittaker’s system.

33. Currently There are three domains and a push to divide the protists into multiple Kingdoms

35. Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Genus + species (maybe subspecies) makes up the Scientific name

36. So for a domestic cat: Domain- Eucarya Kingdom – Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum- Vertebrata Class- Mammalia Order- Carnivora Family- Felidae Genus- Felis Species- catus

37. How to write a scientific name Feliscatus Or Felis catus After first use (but not at the beginning of a sentence) F. catus or F. catus

38. Science as a process

39. Scientific discoveries are basically made by using one of two methodologies. Discovery science. Discovery science is also known as descriptive science. This involves observing and documenting phenomena without experimentation. Hypo-deductive Science. Using the Scientific Method

40. The Scientific Method Ask a question and refine it Propose Hypotheses Null Alternative Design experiment – care is essential here to prevent bias Carry out experiment Analyze the results Interpret the results and share the info with others- oral presentation and/or paper