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Russian History

Russian History. Early Russia. In the early 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , and 6 th centuries, Russia was unstable and suffered from a series of nomadic invasions. Early Russia. Later, around the 11 th and 12 th centuries, Russia experienced a massive emigration of slavic people into the country.

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Russian History

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  1. Russian History

  2. Early Russia • In the early 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries, Russia was unstable and suffered from a series of nomadic invasions

  3. Early Russia • Later, around the 11th and 12th centuries, Russia experienced a massive emigration of slavic people into the country

  4. Muscovy • During its rule under the Byzantine empire, Russia was governed by Muscovy (Moscow for all you non Russians…) • In 1547, Ivan the Terrible became the first official Tsar of Russia. He more or less had absolute rule

  5. Russia as an Empire • After Ivan the Terrible and until modern times, Russia became obsessed with conquering adjacent countries and integrating them into their society • Russia was involved in a number of wars, including the Napoleonic wars with Napoleon of France in the early 1800s

  6. Russia as an Empire • In the late 1800s, Russia was still a mostly agrarian society, but lack of reforms among other things led to unrest. • In the early 1900s, Russia’s Tsar-dom was overthrown, and Marxists came into power

  7. The Communist Party • The Bolsheviks that were now in charge under leadership of Lenin called themselves the Communist party • The soviet Union was formed in 1922 when the Bolsheviks Red army defeated the White army’s opposition

  8. Stalin • Stalin gained power after Lenin’s death • He is a famous tyrant. • Millions of people were killed and executed by Stalin do to his fear of their opposition

  9. Russia at war • Russia was involved in World War II • They initially fought with Germany, and ended fighting against them

  10. Coldness • Khrushchev came into rule next. He ruled Russia during cold war with the USA. This was more of a mental war filled with competition and threats.

  11. Trying to save Communism • President Gorbachev ruled next. He attempted to modernize Communism but ultimately failed and the soviet union fell apart

  12. Boris • Boris Yeltsin declared the end of Communist rule in Russia. • This did not end the stress in Russia, and there were still ethnic wars.

  13. Today • Vladmir Putin was elected prime minister of Russia in 2000, and is helping Russia to gain economic growth

  14. Geography Area – 17,075,200 sq. Km (1.8x USA, 11.5% of Earth’s land)

  15. Ural Mountains • Often considered natural boundary between Europe and Asia • Named for the Uralian hunter-gather society • Large deposits of gold, platinum, coal, steel, silver, and other minerals • Among the oldest Mountain Ranges in the World • 250-300 million years

  16. Mount El'brus 5,633 meters (18,481 ft.) Tallest Peak In Europe

  17. Lake Baikal • Holds nearly 20% of the world’s unfrozen freshwater World’s Deepest Freshwater Lake Max Depth 5315 Ft.

  18. Russia spans 11 time zones • 75% of population lives in European Russia • Most between St. Petersburg and Moscow • Not many people move East ….

  19. Siberia • Lots of Ice • Travel between villages often by helicopter COLD

  20. 17% of World’s Crude oil • 25-30% of World’s • Natural Gas Natural Resources • 6% of World Coal • Production Timber • 40% of Russian Land is Forested • 6.8 million sq. Km • Equal to 75% of USA land Mass • 22% of Total World Forest Cover Despite natural resources and immense size of Russia, “formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources” (CIA.gov)

  21. Agriculture • Russia has only 7-8% arable land - 1.2 million Sq. km • USA – 1.7 million Sq. km • France – 227,000 Grains occupy 50% of cropland Despite potential farm lands, climate and poor soil conditions limited agricultural production Early and successful examples of industrialization in Europe have been closely associated with improvements in the productivity of land, labor, and capital employed in agricultural production. Russia’s unfortunate geographic location certainly delayed their industrialization process “We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed” - Joseph Stalin, 1931

  22. Agriculture in Russia

  23. http://www.kukushka.ru/sob/2001-10a.html

  24. Agriculture in Soviet Union • Command economy • No personal profit from production • Colhoz = collective farm; workers were paid a share of production • Sovhoz = Soviet farm; workers received salaries • In practice, almost the same • Still exist today

  25. Modern Agriculture • Market economy • Private farms started to develop after the collapse of the Soviet Union • Tractor-drawn plow most commonly used to cultivate large fields • Most of the food produced is organic because farmers cannot afford industrial fertilizer, hormones, etc.

  26. http://as.baikal.tv/news/nimg/2004_05_14/big/V%20-%20Posevnaya0741.jpghttp://as.baikal.tv/news/nimg/2004_05_14/big/V%20-%20Posevnaya0741.jpg

  27. Dacha • Small plots of land owned by individuals • Often cultivated by HORTICULTURE!!! • And that is me doing horticulture on our Dacha

  28. Russian Language

  29. Basic characteristics • Dialects- North and South (and Central) • Notable for palatalization • 33 letter alphabet (Cyrillic)

  30. Page from Russian “ABC” book in 1694

  31. History • Slavs • 10th Century, emergence of Western, Southern and Eastern Slavonic language groups • Eastern group gave rise to modern Russian Indo-European  Balto-Slavic  Slavic  East Slavic  Russian

  32. Historic Periods • Kievan period and feudal breakup • The Tatar yoke and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania • The Moscovite period (15th–17th centuries) • Empire (18th–19th centuries) • Soviet period and beyond (20th century) Characterized by major reforms that shifted the language from Germanic to Modern Russian

  33. Painting of Slavs during Middle Ages Battle of the Slavs and Scythians

  34. Geography Official Language of: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, and Gagauzia.

  35. Russian Orthodox 15-20% Muslim 10-15% Other Christian 2% Large Number of non practicing believers and non believers. Jewish population has been decreasing since the 1980’s. Religion

  36. Judaism • Jewish is considered a nationality rather than a religion in Russia.

  37. Russian Orthodox • Made the state religion of Russia in 988 A.D. by Prince Vladimir. • The church was subordinate to the patriarch of Constantinople (present day Istanbul), the seat of the Byzantine empire.

  38. Russian Orthodox Continued • Church activities greatly suppressed under Soviet rule. • Russian Orthodox underwent a religious awakening as communism began to decrease and the Soviet Union dissolved.

  39. Islam • Almost all Russian Muslims adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam. • There are a few regions of Russia that do not practice the Sunni branch, but Sufism. The most notable region is Chechnya.

  40. Islam Continued • There is still mistrust and suspicion among the Muslims and the Russian government. • Starting in 1995 the Union of Muslims of Russia led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan is trying to end this misconception that Islam is an extremist religion.

  41. Other Christians • Other Christian sects include a small population of Protestant sects and a small population of Roman Catholics.

  42. Population 2002 Census: 145,166,731 Birth rate: 9.95/1000 (2006) Death rate: 14.65/1000 (2006) Life expectancy: 67.08 years (2006)

  43. Education • Education is wide spread and fundamental to Russian society: • Literacy: Age 15 or older-read and write male: 99.99% female: 97%

  44. Constitution of Russia • The Soviet Constitution of 1977 • Men and Women have equal rights • Women have equal access to: education training employment promotions remuneration particularly in social, cultural, and political activity.

  45. Women outside the home • Labor Force: • 26 million, 47% of the industrial, office, and other jobs outside the home. In war years, 55%. (1961) • Military: Over 32,000 serve as officers, ensigns, and warrant officers serve under the Ministry of Defense. 710-taken part in military action and armed conflict 80,000-soldiers/sergeants 500,000- civilian positions within Defense Ministry.

  46. Women and Income • Although women were legally granted equal rights for job positions and pay, the reality is far from it. • 1995 Men in health care earned on avg. 50% more than women in the same field. engineers- males earn 40% more Avg. pay for women in all fields below overall national avg.

  47. Divorce Rate • “double burden”-Women see role of woman in family as more difficult than man. => Dissatisfaction. • 1983- divorce rate: 4.1/1000 • 1993- 4.5/1000 • 20% of families were run by single parent Mom= 94% of cases (1993)

  48. Women in government • As the Constitution declared, women had the right to be involved in politics with men. • Within the Cabinet, the Minister of Social Protection was traditionally seen as a woman’s role. • Prior 1995- Women held 10% of Parliament -57/450 seats in the State of Duma -9/178 seats in the Upper House of Parliament, the Federal Council

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