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“Paleoherbs”. Magnoliids. Eudicot Clade. 2) Magnoliaceae. Monocot Clade. 1) Nymphaeaceae. Flowering Plant Ancestor. 17) Ranunculaceae. Caryophyllid Clade. 24) Viscaceae. Rosid Clade. Asterid Clade. 18) Papaveraceae. Eudicots (Tricolpates). 19) Caryophyllaceae.
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“Paleoherbs” Magnoliids Eudicot Clade 2) Magnoliaceae Monocot Clade 1) Nymphaeaceae Flowering Plant Ancestor
17) Ranunculaceae Caryophyllid Clade 24) Viscaceae Rosid Clade Asterid Clade 18) Papaveraceae Eudicots (Tricolpates)
19) Caryophyllaceae 20) Chenopodiaceae (incl. In Amaranthaceae) 21) Cactaceae 22) Droseraceae 23) Polygonaceae Caryophyllids
19) Caryophyllaceae • Pink Family (as if cut with pinking shears – notched or zigzag edge) • Herbs with swollen nodes; anthocyanin present (no betalains) • Leaves opposite, connected at the base with a transverse line • 4-6 tepals, no true petals but outer whorl of 4-5 stamens often petaloid • “Petals” very often lobed or having notches at the apex • Pistil with free central placentation • Fruit a many-seeded capsule opening by teeth or valves
Axile Placentation Parietal Placentation Free Central Placentation
ExamplesCaryophyllaceae • Dianthus (sweet william, carnation) • Gysophila (baby’s breath) • Silene(catchfly) • Arenaria (Sandwort)
20) Chenopodiaceae (incl. in Amaranthaceae) • Goosefoot Family • Annual or perennial herbs and shrubs • Xerophytic (dry) and halophytic (salty– physiologically dry) habitats • Stems sometimes jointed and essentially leafless; • Flowers small, green, usually inconspicuous; petals absent, fruit an indehiscent nutlet • Betalains produced • Trapezoidal shaped leaves
ExamplesChenopodiaceae • Chenopodium (lambsquarter, spinach) • Beta (beet) • Salicornia (pickleweed)
21) Cactaceae • Cactus Family • Herbs to trees • Stems succulent, photosynthetic • Leaves generally modified as spines, often also with irritating hairs (glochids), sometimes leaves ephemeral and photosynthetic • CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) • Flowers solitary, terminal • Tepals and Stamens numerous • Ovary almost always inferior • Fruit a berry
ExamplesCactaceae • Opuntia (prickly pear) • Lophophora williamsii (peyote) • Zygocactus (christmas cactus)