Section 1: Part A

1. Section 1: Part A • 1. Taking existing elements of society & creating something new: occurs to meet a need or may be accidental • 2. Spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior, which can be greatly speeded up by technology. • 3. Occur when individuals in society accept or adopt an innovation, such as substituting new ideas from other cultures for traditions.

2. Part B • 1. oldest of the Southwest Asian religions; concentrated in Israel; oldest monotheistic religion; Toral is the holy book. • 2. Evolved from Judaism; monotheistic; based on teachings of Jesus Christ; largest of all religions; three major groups-Roman Catholic, Protestant, & Eastern Orthodox. • 3. Based on teachings of Muhammad; followers called Muslims; monotheistic; Qur’an is the holy book; major divisions-Sunni & Shi’ite

3. 4. Hinduism: oldest religions, dates back about 5,000 yrs. Concentrated in India. It is polytheistic. Follows the religious requirements of a caste system. • 5. Buddhism: an offshoot of Hinduism, developed about 563 B.C. in India, its founder Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha or Enlightened One) rejected the idea of caste. The idea is to reach an enlightened spiritual state called nirvana. • 6. other Asian practices: Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto. Belief systems are thought of as religions & sometimes as philosophies of life.

4. Section 2 Part A • 1. Number of live births per thousand population • 2. Average of number of children per woman lifetime, assuming she bears children at the current rate for the country in which she lives. • 3. Death rate, or number of deaths per thousand. • 4. Number of deaths under age one per thousand live births.

5. Part B • 1. Mortality rate subtracted from the birthrate; the rate at which population is growing • 2. Graphic device showing gender and age distribution of a population; shows how events affect populations • 3. Average number of people who live in a measurable area, such as a square mile; this number helps geographers understand how heavily populated an area is • 4. Number of organisms a piece of land can support; often varies with the fertility of the land.

6. Section 3: Part A • 1. small size is not always a barrier; size means more resources and many mean more power. • 2. can affect ease of governing, movement of goods, and relationships with neighboring countries. • 3. Relative location, especially in relation to the sea, can be important; being surrounded by hostile or friendly neighbors can also affect a nation.

7. 4. Can cause arguments between bordering nations, especially if the boundaries shift • 5. can cause difficulties when groups of people are divided or put together in artificial ways.

8. Part B • 1. Independent political unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal or external affairs; country. • 2. group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity • 3. territory occupied by a nation • 4. Nation without a territory • 5. type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected represetnatives

9. 6. type of government in which a ruling family or royalty (such as a king or queen) holds political power and may or may not share power with citizen bodies. • 7. type of government in which an individual or group holds complete political power • 8. type of government in which nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government.

10. Section 4: Part A • 1. Urban geography is the study of how people use space in cities. • 2. A megalopolis is formed when several metropolitan areas grow together. • 3. The growth in the number of cities and the resulting changes of this growth are called urbanization.

11. Part B • 1. The land in cities is used for residential, industrial, and commercial purposes. The core of a city is almost always based on commercial activity. The area of commercial activity is the city’s central business district (CBD) • 2. Cities have various functions, including to provide retailing, entertainment, transportation, business, education, and government services. Cities also often provide wholesaling, manufacturing, residential, recreation, religious, and social services.

12. Section 5: Part A • 1. Traditional Economies: goods and services are traded without money; • Command economies, central govt. decides what goods & service are needed. • Market economies: in which demand from consumers determines the production of goods & services • Mixed economies: which combine command and market economies

13. 2. Primary: gathering raw materials • Secondary: adding value to the materials by changing their forms. • Tertiary: which involves furnishing personal or professional services • Quaternary: involves providing information, management, and research service.

14. 3. Renewable: which can be replaced • Nonrenewable: which cannot be replaced; and • inexhaustible energy sources, which are unlimited, such as sunlight

15. 4. Per capita: the average amount of money earned by each person of a political unit • GNP: the total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a specified period time • GDP: the value of only goods and services produced within a country over a specified period of time.

16. Part B • 1. The production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people. • 2. the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communication, transportation, water, sanitation, and education.