Towards a European Infrastructure for Lunar Observatories Bremen, Wednesday 23 rd March 2005

1. A 3D cosmic ray detector on the Moon X.Moussas University of Athens xmoussas@cc.uoa.gr • 3D cosmic ray time dependent distributions can be obtained • using properly positioned cosmic ray detectors on the Moon. • This system can give new insight to the study of the modulation of both galactic and solar cosmic rays • It will provide measurements outside the Earth’s magnetosphere of: • the cosmic ray intensity time variability • the cosmic ray anisotropy time variability • Earth directed strong solar wind shocks and hence • space weather predictions complementary to other methods • time and directional variations of the spectrum, possibly variations of the composition and temperature of cosmic rays can also be measured • Magnetar activity studies will also benefit from such an observatory Towards a European Infrastructure for Lunar Observatories Bremen, Wednesday 23rd March 2005

2. The study of cosmic rays both galactic and solar continues to be of great importance to space sciences (origin, propagation, exotic objects)

3. Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών The cosmic ray spectral (not only the higher end) time and directional variability is of importance to cosmic sciences

5. The Sunthe 11 (or 22) year solar activity cycle & Cosmic Rays

6. time variations of the Heliosphere: temperature, density, magnetic filed, velocity of the termination shock and radius

7. Cosmic ray 1D shell model (red), also for 400 MeV, > 5 GeV compared with Climax Neutron Monitor

8. Cosmic ray fluxes, heat flux, anisotropies and temperature, density etc Also the direction of heat flux

9. Cosmic ray fluxes, anisotropies and temperature, density etc

10. Cosmic ray fluxes, anisotropies and temperature, density etc

12. Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών

13. See Cosmic Rays and Space Weather By Lev I. DORMAN Cosmic rays are used for forecasting of major geomagnetic storms accompanied by Forbush-effects. The global neutron monitor network is used as a large CR 3D detector This permits the prediction of the arrival of an interplanetary shock (CME) using the anisotropies of “galactic” cosmic rays (see also Dorman, Belov and colleagues). Anisotropies of CR can be measured using detectors on the Moon without the masking and dstortion of the magnetic filed of he Earth

14. NM network, asymptotic directions of cosmic ray stations (asymptotic directions)

15. Scheme of mechanisms of possible precursor effects in CR (Dorman et al 2003)

16. ~2 days warning! CR anisotropy Observations of a precursor effect in CR (from Dorman et al 2003) : Galactic cosmic ray pre-increase (white circles) and pre-decrease (grey circles) effects before the Sudden Storm Commencement (SSC) of great magnetic storm in September 1992, accompanied with Forbush-decrease

17. 6 detectors

18. 26 detectors

19. A 3D cosmic ray detector on the Moon • 3D cosmic ray time dependent distributions can be obtained • using properly positioned cosmic ray detectors on the Moon. • This system can give new insight to the study of the modulation of both galactic and solar cosmic rays • It will provide measurements outside the Earth’s magnetosphere of: • the cosmic ray intensity time variability • the cosmic ray anisotropy time variability • Earth directed strong solar wind shocks and hence • space weather predictions complementary to other methods • time and directional variations of the spectrum, possibly variations of the composition and temperature of cosmic rays can also be measured • Magnetar activity studies will also benefit from such an observatory