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Understanding Rock Deformation

Structural Analysis of Fractured Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Role of Rock Rheology Seth Busetti University of Oklahoma November 2008. Understanding Rock Deformation. Linear Elastic Modeling. Analog Experiments. Relatively Simple Uses only Geometry. Kinematic Restoration / Forward Modeling.

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Understanding Rock Deformation

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  1. Structural Analysis of Fractured Hydrocarbon Reservoirs:Role of Rock Rheology Seth BusettiUniversity of OklahomaNovember 2008

  2. Understanding Rock Deformation Linear Elastic Modeling Analog Experiments Relatively Simple Uses only Geometry Kinematic Restoration / Forward Modeling Lacazette, 2000 Sanders et al., 2004 Maerten and Maerten, 2006 Simple Computation Valid for Small Strain Mechanical Simulation

  3. Deformation of Rock Layers Four main stages of rock deformation Macroscopic Fracturing Mt. Scott Granite Extensive Damage, Crack Coalescence Damage by Microcracking [Strain Hardening] Linear Elastic Stage Crack/pore closure (Katz and Reches, 2004)

  4. Mechanical Simulations of Structures Physical Observations Mathematical Expression Numerical Method {f} Structure Layering Folds Faults/Fractures Geologic Features Ramps, pins, blocks Layer Friction Stress Conditions Tectonic Stress Local Stress Rock Mechanics Properties Elasticity Plasticity Failure Porosity/Permeability Geometry Discretization (nodes/elements) Discontinuities Boundary Conditions Degrees of Freedom Penalty Contact Loading Conditions Surface Pressure Point/surface Loads *Rock [Material] Rheology Material Model Parameters σ-εcurve u2x u2y u1x u1y [Ke] u3x u3y u4x u4y [K]{u}+[M]{a}+[C]{v} = {f} Preliminary Material Modeling: Calibration / Benchmark Testing Ellenberger Limestone Barnett Siliceous Shale Barnett Mudstone Barnett Calcareous Mudstone Berea Sandstone Indiana Limestone

  5. Deformation of Rock Layer: 4-Point Beam Berea Sandstone Rheology: Elastic-Plastic with Damage Piston Down Loading Piston Confining Pressure Load Cell Beam 10 MPa Confining Pressure [Triaxial] Onset of Damage [Plasticity] Stiffness Degradation Failure [Fracture]

  6. Deformation of Rock Layer: 4-Point Beam Berea Sandstone Rheology: Elastic-Plastic with Damage

  7. Large-Scale Deformation Application Mohr-Coulomb Rheology Open Questions: Damaged Shear Zones vs. Fault Planes? Mechanisms for Fault Rotation? Role of Footwall Deformation? 10,000 m 20,000 m Chimney and Kluth, 2002

  8. Summary Rheology strongly effects rock deformation Deformed rocks contain pervasive damage Damaged layers frequently behave plastically A Mechanical approach may be necessary to understand many reservoirs, especially where fractures and faults are prevalent Numerical (i.e., finite element) techniques are a powerful tool for analyzing complex reservoir structures using realistic mechanics

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