Bioenergy Production of Agricultural By-Products

1. Bioenergy Production of Agricultural By-Products Kangwon National University Department of Biosystems Engineering Kim, Sang Hun

2. Shares of ‘Energy Sources’ in 2008 (IPCC 2012) • Renewable Energy (RE) accounted for 12.9% in primary energy supply in 2008. • The largest RE contributor was biomass (10.2%), with the majority of the biomass fuel.

3. Shares of ‘Biomass Sources’ for Energy (IPCC, 2007)

4. Biomass • Organic material produced by the photosynthesis. • Biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. • Biomass for energy used to mean plant based material. • Biomass equally applied to both animal and vegetable derived material.

5. Agricultural By-Products Livestock Residues Energy Crops Municipal Solid Waste Wood Bioenergy from Biomass Feedstocks Bioenergy

6. Direct Energy from Biomass Feedstocks

7. Commercial Technologies for Bioenergy

8. How to Manage Agricultural By-Products • Expensive, High Nutrient Loss • Fast Spoilage Problems of Vegetable Waste • Cheap, Low Nutrient Loss • Accumulate in Quantities Ensiling Drying Need Storage for Recycling Seasonal Production High Moisture Contents Treatment Anaerobic Digestion Silage Animal Feed Composting

9. Improved Buffering Capacity by Co-digestion Improved Biogas Yield Maintained C/N Ratio ABPs Treatment with Environment-friendly Methods • Co-digestion of Agricultural By-Products and Swine Manure • ABPs - Acidification Problems • Swine Manure - Ammonia Inhibition Problems

10. Objectives To evaluate the Biogas productivity and degradation rate of ABPs and their Silages To evaluate the effect of ABPs Silage To characterize the ABPs and their Silages 1 2 3 The main objective was to suggest the utilization of the agricultural by-products (ABPs) for bioenergy production by using ensiling method. Specifically,

11. Why Ensiling? Low energy input - Anaerobic conditions of ABPs with high moisture content 1 Microbe activity control - Inhibition of the activities of clostridia and enterobacteria 2 Longer storage periods - Reduction of pH of the materials rapidly to 3.8-5.0 3 4 Advantage of silage-making practices - Better preservation, - Lower losses, - Higher biogas production.

12. Ensiling Method • Ensiling Process of Agricultural By-Products

13. Ensiling Method Buffering Capacity of the Substrate Moisture Content of the Substrate Type of Bacteria Predominated Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Content Speed of Fermentation • Ensiling Factors of Agricultural By-Products Factors Affecting Silage Fermentation

14. Ensiling Method • Evaluation of Silage Quality Table. Ratio of Ammonia-N to Total N (Liu and Guo, 2005)

15. Ensiling Method • Silage Quality Based on pH with Dry Matter (DM) Content

16. Anaerobic Digestion ABPs Hydrolytic Bacteria • Amino Acids • Fatty Acids • Sugars Acetate Other Compounds H2 CO2 Acids Biogas Soluble Organic Compounds Volatile Solide Alcohol CH4 CO2 Acid-producing Bacteria Acetate-Forming Bacteria Anaerobic M. F. B Anaerobic M. F. B

17. Anaerobic Digestion • Typical Shapes of Gas Formation Curves (Source: VDI 4630, 2006)

18. Anaerobic Digestion • Biogas Potential of Different Substrates (Source: VDI 4630, 2006)

19. Materials and Methods • Chemical compositions of Agricultural By-Products(ABPs)

20. Materials and Methods • Chemical Compositions of ABPs Silages

21. Materials and Methods • Definition of the Levels of Chemical Compositions of • ABPs and their Silages WSC: Water Soluble Carbohydrate

22. Results and Discussion • Categorization of ABPs Based on the Chemical Compositions Levels

23. Results and Discussion • Categorization of ABPs Silages Based on the Chemical Compositions Levels

24. Results and Discussion • Classification of ABPs and Silages HCLF : High Carbohydrate and Low Fat MCMF : Medium Carbohydrate and Medium Fat LCHF : Low Carbohydrate and High Fat

25. Quality of ABPs Silage Silage Quality Mixture Low High Medium (A) (B)

26. Batch Test Setup where VB = Biogas volume (L) Pi = Initial pressure (mbar) Pf = Final pressure after 24 hrs (mbar) VH = Volume of the headspace (L) C = Molar volume (22.41 L/mol) R = Universal gas constant (83.14 L mbar/K/mol) T = Temperature (K)

27. Batch Test

28. Batch Test • Experimental Design for Co-digestion of ABPs Silage and Swine Manure

29. Continuous Test Setup b) Gas Collector a) Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASBR)

30. Continuous Test Setup

31. Continuous Test • Experimental Design for Co-digestion of ABPs Silage and Swine Manure

32. Results and Discussion • ABPs with High Carbohydrates and Low Fat (HCLF) (a) Cumulative Biogas Yield; (b) Biogas Production Rate

33. Results and Discussion • ABPs with Medium Carbohydrates and Medium Fat (MCMF) (a) Cumulative Biogas Yield; (b) Biogas Production Rate

34. Results and Discussion • ABPs with Low Carbohydrate and High Fat Content (LCHF) (a) Cumulative Biogas Yield; (b) Biogas Production Rate

35. Results and Discussion • Effect of ABPs Silage on Biogas Productivity and Degradation Rate (LCHF) (MCMF) (LCHF) (LCHF) (a) Cumulative Biogas Yield (b) Biogas Production Rate for Different ABPs Silages

36. Results and Discussion • Diauxic Growth • Diauxic : Two growth phases by Jacques Monod , which led to a Nobel prize • To describe the growth phases of a microorganism in batch culture Gas Formation Curves Diauxic Growth Ⅰ. Glucose growth phaseⅡ.Lag phase Ⅲ.Lactose growth phase (Source: VDI 4630, 2006)

37. Diauxic to Normal Growth by Ensiling Fish and Bread Waste Silage Fish Waste Bread Waste (MCHF) (HCLF) (LCHF)

38. Results and Discussion • Effect of ABPs Silage on Biogas Production Biogas Increased : 10% Ensiling and without ensiling of Fish and Bread Waste mixture

39. Biogas Plant Constructed in 2009, Korea • Design for Co-digestion of Chinese Cabbage Waste and Swine Manure

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41. System Operation 배 추 `

42. Thank you