Today

1. Today • Quiz • Kingdom Protista 3) Kingdom Animalia - Phylum Porifera (sponges) - Phylum Cnidaria (jellies)

2. Classification System • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species • In the 5-Kingdom system of classification, what are the 5 Kingdoms?

3. Review: Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? Which kingdoms include only eukaryotes?

4. Kingdom Protista • All Eukaryotes • 3 Categories 1) Photosynthetic – plant-like (algae) 2) Absorptive – fungus-like 3) Ingestive – animal-like (protozoa)

5. Fungus-like Protists: Slime Molds • Classification: Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista • Prokaryote or Eukaryote: Eukaryote

6. Slime Mold Plasmodium – multinucleate mass of protoplasm lacking cell walls, but surrounded by a thin, flexible membrane

7. Slime Mold • How do they obtain food? heterotrophs, engulf food by phagocytosis, moves nutrients around in the body by cytoplasmic streaming • How do they move? Flagellated or amoeboid cells • Where can you find them?Damp places • How do they reproduce?Sexually with spores • What color are they? gold

8. Protozoans: Animal-like Protists • Informally classified based on movement 1) Amoeba – move by cytoplasmic extensions called psuedopodia 2) Flagellates – move by single long whip-like flagella 3) Ciliates – move by means of many cilia

9. Amoeba Know the purpose of the food vacuole, contractile vacuole, nucleus, and pseudopodia.

10. Flagellates

11. One flagellate, Trypanosoma, causes African Sleeping Sickness 1) Infected Tsetse fly bites human, 2) Trypanosoma enters blood stream, causes lethargy, swollen lymph nodes, 3) effects central nervous system and causes death if not treated. Every day, about 100 people die from the disease.

12. Ciliates Know each term in the diagram

13. Kingdom Animalia Everything we look at from now on is in the animal kingdom. What is an animal?

14. What is an animal? • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Eukaryotic • Lack cell walls, but have cell membranes • Nervous tissues and muscle tissue are unique to animals, but not all have them • Most animals reproduce sexually

15. Animal Evolution: Symmetry * Note that some sponges have radial symmetry. Image from : http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_7.html

16. Animal Characteristics General Animal Features • The ancestral animals at the beginning of the evolutionary tree are eukaryotic and multicellular. • They developed adaptations in structure that enabled them to function in numerous habitats.

17. Animal Characteristics Feeding and Digestion • Animals are heterotrophic. • The structure or form of an animal’s mouth parts determines how its mouth functions.

18. Animal Characteristics Support • Invertebrates • Exoskeletons • Hard or tough outer coverings that provide a framework of support • Protect soft body tissues • Provide protection from predators

19. Support • Vertebrates • Endoskeletons • Protect internal organs • Provide support for the body • Provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against

20. Animal Characteristics Gut (where food travels when eaten) • 1-way gut • Has 2 openings (mouth and anus) in which food travels in 1direction. • 2-way gut • Has 1 opening in which food goes in and waste leaves through same opening • Gutless • No gut (like a sponge)

21. Introduction to Animals Chapter 24 24.1 Animal Characteristics Early Development • The zygote undergoes mitosis and a series of cell divisions to form new cells. • The cells continue to divide, forming a fluid-filled ball of cells called the blastula. • The blastula continues to undergo cell division as some cells move inward to form a gastrula.

22. Introduction to Animals Chapter 24 24.1 Animal Characteristics

23. Animal Characteristics Triploblastic embryonic development – protostome and deuterostome coelomates

24. Introduction to Animals Chapter 24 24.2 Animal Body Plans Development in Coelomate Animals • Protostomes • The mouth develops from the first opening in the gastrula. • Deuterostomes • The anus develops from the first opening in the gastrula.

25. Introduction to Animals Chapter 24 24.2 Animal Body Plans Evolution of Animal Body Plans • Anatomical features in animals’ body plans mark the branching points on the evolutionary tree. • Relationships on this tree are inferred by studying similarities in embryological development and shared anatomical features.

26. Animal Body Plans

27. Body cavity development in tripoloblastic animals A Coelom is a body cavity • Acoelomate animals (like flatworms and flukes) do not have a coelom. • Pseudocoelomate animals (like roundworms) have a body cavity lined on the inside with endoderm and the outside with mesoderm 3) Coelomate animals (segmented worms, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, chordates) have a body cavity lined fully with mesoderm cells. Image from : http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_7.html

28. Animal Evolution: Body Plans • Primitive animals have a sac-like body plan. Higher animals have a “tube-within-a-tube” body plan- Sac-like body plan has only one opening. Sac-like body plan animals do not have tissue specialization or development of organs. - “Tube-within-a-tube” plans have two openings, allows specialization of parts along the tube.

29. Animal Evolution: Germ Layers • Triploblasty: Three Tissue Layers - Many, but not all, animals have three tissue layers as they develop embryologically: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. • - Porifera – have no tissue layers- Cnidarians – have only 2 tissue layers- All of the more advanced phyla have 3 tissue layers (are triploblastic)

30. Porifera: Sponges • Representatives Sponges, about 9000 species • HabitatMarine and freshwater, usually in shallow water, sensitive to pollution

31. Porifera • Symmetryasymmetrical • Body Cavity/germ layersone central cavity called the spongocoel, no tissues/germ layers spongocoel

32. Porifera • Skeletonnone, spongin and structures called spicules provide support

33. Porifera • Movement – sessile • Digestion - filter feeders, water brought in through ostia (pores) and circulated in the spongocoel where choanocytes digest the food by phagocytosis (intracellular digestion) • Gas Exchange – diffusion, choanocytes (flagellated) cells keep a current of oxygenated water moving through the spongocoel

34. Porifera • Excretory Systemnone • Nervous Systemnone • Circulatory Systemnone • Reproductive SystemAsexually by budding or fragmentation Sexually by producing sperm and eggs. Many sponges are hermaphrodites

35. 5 quick facts about Sponges • Tops on the menu of a Hawk’s bill turtle • Shrimp will feed on internal cells • Crabs will tear off a bit to carry on their backs • For more nutrition, a sponge will allow phytoplankton and microbes to take up residence • Everything can regenerate & repopulate

36. Porifera: Terminology • Spongocoel – body cavity • Osculum – opening to the spongocoel • Ostia – pores on the outside of the body through which water (containing food and oxygen) enters • Spicules– cells with silica or CaCO3 that gives the sponge some support • Choanocytes – flagellated cells that keep water currents moving through the spongocoel; capture 80% of food • Oocytes & Spermatocytes – reproductive cells

37. Porifera: Terminology • Amoebocytes or Archaeocytes(Amoeboid cell on diagram) – capable of transforming into any other type of cell; roles in feeding and clearing ostia • Sclerocytes – cells that secrete spicules • Pinacocytes – plate like cells that cover the external side of sponge. Can digest food particles too large to enter ostia

38. Porifera: Terminology • Porocytes – ostia tube-like cells that form closable inlet valves • Monoecious – having both male and female sexual organs • Dioecious – having either male or female sexual organs • Spongin - a scleroprotein that produces flexible fibers which form “skeletons” of sponges

39. Anatomy of some sponges • Color code the diagram so you can see the various cells and structures. • Read and follow the instructions and the information

40. Figure 9.7 Ascon(oid) Sycon(oid) Leucon(oid)

41. Asconoid body structure • Asconoid – simplest body structure. Tube or vase shape. Seldom exceed 1 mm (.5 inch) in diameter PinacocytesChoanocytes MesohylWater flow

42. Syconoid body structure • Syconoid – variation on asconoid with pleats or folds in body wall. Increase in number of choanocytes. Can grow to a few cm in diameter PinacocytesChoanocytes MesohylWater flow

43. Leuconoid body structure • Leuconoid – can grow to over 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter. Fills interior almost completely with mesohyl and greatly increases number of choanocytes PinacocytesChoanocytes MesohylWater flow

44. Short story • Write a short story using vocab terms for sponges. You can be serious, dramatic, funny, ridiculous, suspenseful, exciting, or a thriller. Be creative.

45. Cnidarians

46. Cnidaria • Representatives - Over 10,000 speciesClass Hydrozoa – hydra, Obelia, polyp is dominantClass Schyphozoa – jellyfish, medusa is dominant Class Anthozoa– sea anemones and corals, only polyp • HabitatMostly marine

47. Cnidaria Body Cavity/germ layersone opening called the gastrocoel,diploblastic (i.e. only 2 germ layers), has a mesoglea but that isn’t a true germ layer • Skeletonnone – supported by water Symmetryradial Polyp Medusa

48. Cnidaria • Movement – Polyp is sessile or free-floating. Medusa is free-floating or can move by weak contractions • Digestion – tentacles grab and push prey into the gastrocoel where it is digested extracellulary. Note that even though the gastrocoel functions like stomach, it can’t be called that because it has only one opening. • Gas Exchange – Diffusion, no specialized organs

49. Cnidaria AsexualSexual • Excretory Systemnone • Circulatory Systemnone • Nervous Systemnone • Reproductive SystemSome asexual reproduction by budding, some sexual reproduction with separate sexes

50. Cnidaria: Terminology • Gastrovascular cavity – central body cavity • Oral vs. aboral surface – mouth side vs. non-mouth side • Polyp vs. Medusa – polyp is sessile with mouth up, medusa is floating, flattened, with mouth-down • Basal disc – bottom end of the gastrovascular cavity • Mouth – opening to the gastrovascular cavity • Tentacles – structures that capture prey and shove them into the mouth • Cnidocytes – capsule cell containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture • Nematocysts – stinging components of cnidocytes