Critical Essay introductions

1. Critical Essay introductions • TART T - Introduce title of text A - Author and brief statement about the main issues of the text. R - Refer to essay task and reason for writing the essay. T – Techniques you will mention.

2. Introductions Q. Choose a novel or short story which is set during a period of social or political change . Discuss how important the writer’s evocation of the period is to your appreciation of the text as a whole • Good!  In the novel ‘The remains of the day’ by Kazuo Ishiguro, the setting of Post war Britain the 1920’s and ‘30’s is explored. Both these times were of great social, economic and political upheaval and this setting is essential in conveying many of the writer’s themes, such as loss, loyalty and dignity. The writer uses the setting and symbolism to develop these themes.

3. 1) Choose anovel in which a character seeks to escape from the constraints of his or her environment or situation. Explain why the character feels the need to escape and show how his or her response to the situation illuminates a central concern of the text. 2)Choose a novelin which the novelist makes use of more than one location. Discuss how the use of different locations allows the novelist to develop the centralconcern(s) of the text. 3) Choose a novel or short story where the method of narration makes an important contribution to the success of the text. Explain briefly the method of narration used by the author and then show in more detail the ways in which it contributes to the overall theme. TART up an intro for each of these questions for Jekyll and Hyde…

4. Enough of a TART? • Are the introductions structured as effectively as they could be? • Highlight the elements of TART used. • How could they be better? • 2. Rewrite the introductions, including the elements of TART that they are lacking.

5. Step two: Summary • Key Features of a Good Summary Paragraph: • Relevance of text. (Historical context, a note on the author etc) • Identify and explain the main theme(s) and how it/they are conveyed. • No more than 4 sentences to explain beginning, middle and end of the plot.

6. Your task • Write an introduction and summary for the following question. • Choose a novel which explores the nature of evil. Show how the author’s exploration of the theme enhanced your understanding of evil. • Remember to read the question carefully, ensure you know what it is asking and decide beforehand what techniques you would explore in your answer before mentioning them in your intro.

7. Jekyll and Hyde summary • The novel was published in 1886 and was instrumental in launching the author, Robert Louis Stevenson, to literary fame. The Victorian era in which it was published was highly influential on the themes of hidden desires, secrets, social expectations and duality of man. The novel begins with Mr Utterson’s disgust at Jekyll’s will stating the mysterious Hyde character as benefactor of Jekyll’s estate. As the evil character of Hyde gains more and more power of Dr Jekyll we see the effect of the wickedness on other characters and Jekyll if forced to choose his respectable nature over the temptation of his desires. In the end however the secrets, influence of evil and pressure of expectation become too much and Jekyll makes the decision to put an end to both Hyde’s and his own life.

8. Recap Step one – Introductions • Use TART to include write an effective one. • What does TART stand for? Step two – summary • Relevance of the text • Identify and explain main themes • No more than 4 lines summing up what happens in the text.

9. Step three – main body paragraphs • This is where you really get down to answering the question! This is also where you realise that Close Reading and Textual Analysis are actually valuable because you must show understanding as well as analyse and evaluate points.

10. What should these look like? • You should aim for 4 sections, spending around 5-10 minutes on each. Checklist • Topic sentence • A point fully made in context (understanding) • A quotation to support this, indented from the margin • A comment which fully analyses this textual evidence • Evaluation • Linking words throughout • Closing sentence (including key words from the essay question)

11. Remember this… • Point • Context – provides a background for quotation/ explains its use in text. • Quotation – a short selection of text, word or phrase. • Analysis – Explain why author has used particular techniques/ language devices/ structure. What effect is created by it? • Evaluation – Explain how effectively this technique adds to/ conveys the authors overall message and indicate any personal effect this has on the readers appreciation of the text in relation to the question.

12. Merchant of Venice example paragraph. Just as Shakespeare influences our feelings towards Shylock through his characterisation of Antonio and the Christians in Venetian society, he also forces us to reappraise our opinion of the Jewish moneylender as we learn of the treatment he suffers at the hands of Launcelot, his Christian servant, and Jessica, his daughter. Launcelot, in a soliloquy delivered in Act 2, Scene 2, reveals his contempt for his master: ‘’Certainly my conscience will serve me to run from this Jew my master’’ Shakespeare’s use of inversion subtly reveals Launcelot’s disdain and lack of respect for Shylock as he identifies him firstly as a Jew before his ‘master’. This lack of respect for Shylock compounds our feelings of sympathy towards him as even someone with the social standing of Launcelot, who Shylock clothes and feeds, looks down on him as a result of his beliefs.

13. Your turn… • Choose a novel in which the use of setting in time and/or place has a significant part to play in your appreciation of the text as a whole. • Give the relevant details of the setting and then discuss fully why it has such significance.

14. Relevant features/techniques for prose: Characterisation, key incidents, setting, symbolism, structure, language, mood/atmosphere, method of narration…

15. What should you include? • Main sections • The two doors – setting representing character • Compare setting and physical descriptions • Victorian era – façade, expectations, repression • London – Soho, poverty, criminality, Hyde’s second house • Imagery in setting • Fog – secrecy and lies • Relationship between light and dark - duality Important to focus on the fact that setting in this novel is representative of the themes and issues that the story deals with and so develops our appreciation of them.

16. Example paragraph • The back door to Jekyll’s house relates to the elusive Mr Hyde to whom reactions are the polar opposite to that of Jekyll. Stevenson describes the back entrance which Hyde is seen to go through: ‘The door was blistered and distained, the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence’ This illustrates a horrible image of something totally disregarded. The word choice of ‘blistered’ and ‘sordid’ give the impression of the door decaying. The word ‘blistered’ is particularly effective as it has connotations of illness and infection. This relates directly to the character of Hyde as the evil connected to him spreads and affects the other characters in the story like a disease. The description instantly tells the reader that something which is very wrong is linked to the rear of the house. The word ‘sordid’ links directly with Hyde as it implies something disgusting and squalid. Stevenson uses setting here to link with characterisation and helps the reader to gain a fuller understanding of the hidden and deformed Mr Hyde.

17. Before you get started… • Try to add sophistication by at times incorporating quotations into your sentence, i.e: • When Hyde acts with, ‘ape-like fury’ the contrast of the composed Jekyll and animalistic Hyde is ever more clear. As opposed to: • Hyde is described like an animal, the writer describes his actions as: ‘ape-like fury’. • Don’t use I: • The description was very effective as…  • I found this description effective as… 

18. What now? You should have: • An introduction using TART • A brief and effective summary You now need: • To plan each section by finding quotations for each • To get writing!