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TAMARIX: “Salt Cedar”

TAMARIX: “Salt Cedar”. TAMARIX: Angiosperm!. TAMARIX: Origins in North America. Originated from Southern Europe and Mediterranean. Sold by Bartram’s Nursery in Philadelphia (1823). Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.)

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TAMARIX: “Salt Cedar”

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  1. TAMARIX: “Salt Cedar”

  2. TAMARIX: Angiosperm!

  3. TAMARIX: Origins in North America • Originated from Southern • Europe and Mediterranean • Sold by Bartram’s • Nursery in • Philadelphia (1823) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  4. TAMARIX: For Sale in Western Nurseries (1858) • Ornamentals • Shade • Windbreaks • Stream Stabilization Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  5. TAMARIX: Six Species grown in USDA Arboretum (1868) T. aphylla T. ramosissima T. chinensis T. gallica T. parviflora Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  6. TAMARIX: Escapes from Cultivation Occasional (1870s) Extensive (1920s) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  7. TAMARIX: Extent Across United States 4,000 ha (1920s) 362,000 ha (1960s) 540,000 ha (1970s) 600,000 ha (1980s) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  8. TAMARIX: Impacts on Southwestern Riparian Habitats (1900 through 1960s) • Land Clearing (Agriculture) • Livestock Grazing • Trapping of Beaver • Tree Cutting • Groundwater Depletion • Stream Diversion for Irrigation • Building of Reservoirs • Stream Channelization • Recreational Impacts Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  9. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Copious Wind and Water Dispersed Tufted Seeds Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  10. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology • Seed Viability Low • (3-4 Weeks in the Wild) • Seed Germination almost • immediate upon contact with • Moist Soil Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336 Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  11. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology • Extensive Vegetative Growth • from stem and root suckers • Can respond to sedimentation by • layering of adventitious roots Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  12. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Leaves Secrete Salt Facultative Halophyte Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  13. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Cold Tolerance Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  14. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Facultative Phreatophyte Flood and Drought Tolerance Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  15. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Fire Tolerance (Long-lived Resprouts after Fire) (Superior to Salix gooddingii, Populus fremontii) Busch, D.E. 1995. Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure. Southwestern Naturalist 40:259-267

  16. TAMARIX: Biology and Ecology Competitive Advantage over Salix and Populus • Greater tolerance to water • stress and salinity • Facultative Phreatophyte: Ability • to tolerate drawdowns and drought • Superior Regrowth after Fire Smith, S.D. et al. 1998. Water relations of riparian plants from desert regions.Wetlands 18:687-696

  17. TAMARIX: Water Use Water Table Use: Case Study in New Mexico (1957, 1961) • Tamarix would consumes 180-1310 mm • of precipitation, • Excess of available precipitation • inputs to water budgets in most NM areas Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  18. TAMARIX: Water Table Use Dependent on Site Elevation and Water-Table Depth Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  19. TAMARIX: Water Use “High Evapotranspiration Rates can Lower the Water Table..” (**Controversial) Di Tomaso, J.M. 1998. Impact, Biology and Ecology of Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) in the southwestern United States. Weed Technology 12:326-336

  20. TAMARIX: Wildlife Use Avian Overall Use High, but (Some Breeding Species don’t occur in Salt Cedar) Herpetofauna abundance, Diversity depressed in southwest Shafroth et al. 2005. Control of Tamarix in the western United States: implications for water salvage, wildlife use, and riparian restoration. Environmental Management 35:231-246 Hunter et al. 1988. Use of exotic salt cedar (Tamarix chinensis) by birds in arid riparian systems. The Condor 90:113-123

  21. TAMARIX: Control

  22. TAMARIX: Control (Mechanical) • Shredding (Brush Mowing) • Roller Chopping (Weighted Drum • fitted with Blades) • Chaining • Grubbing/Plowing Effective if Repeated and Accompanied by Vegetation Replacement Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  23. TAMARIX: Control (Chemical) • 2, 4 – D • Can produce Mortality • Poor translocation to • regrowth tissues • Imazapyr • 80-90% Immediate • Mortality (NMSU • study) • Long-range • effects need to • be determined • Glyphosate • Unpublished results • indicate effective • Marketed towards • agricultural industry; • tests discontinued Brock, J.H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (Salt Cedar), an Invasive Exotic Woody Plant in Arid and Semi-arid Riparian Habitats of Western USA. Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants

  24. TAMARIX: Control (Biocontrol) Target Species: Tamarix Beetle: Diorhabda elongata Non-Target Species: Frankenia Lewis, P.A. et al. 2003. Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States. Biological Control 27: 101-116

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