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Learning vs. Conditioning Learning Conditioning Process of learning associations between stimuli and behavioral responses Relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes due to experience But—what is LEARNED can be UNLEARNED!! WILEY VIDEO Vitamin A and Learning WILEY VIDEO Learning From Babies WILEY VIDEO Brain Viagra © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Terms: Classical Conditioning Involuntary!! Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (USC) Stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning Unconditioned Response (UCR) Learning through involuntary paired associations; it occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus without previous conditioning WILEY VIDEO Alcohol and Ads ANIMATION Classical Conditioning © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Terms: Classical Conditioning Involuntary!! Neutral Stimulus (NS) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), now elicits a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) Stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of repeated pairings with a unconditioned stimulus Say WHAT??? Let’s walk through it! © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Using Key Terms in Classical Conditioning Identify the NS, the UCS, the UCR, the CS, and the CR. A researcher sounds a tone, then places a piece of meat into a dog’s mouth, causing it to salivate. Eventually, the sound of the tone alone causes the dog to salivate. You have a cat that always comes running when she hears the electric can opener. While listening to a song on his car radio, a man accidentally bumped into a red car in front of him. Thereafter, whenever he saw red cars, he experienced a severe anxiety attack. A pregnant woman, experiencing morning sickness, vomited while eating at Burger King. Thereafter, she felt sick every time she drove by a Burger King. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Watson’s Contribution Conditioned Emotional Response Classically conditioned emotional response to a previous neutral stimulus (NS) Likes Dislikes Prejudices Phobias Love WILEY VIDEO Halloween Spiders © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Stimulus Discrimination Principles #2 and #3 Stimulus Generalization Stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS) elicit a conditioned response (CR) Only the conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits the conditioned response (CR) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Principles #4 and #5 Extinction Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response (CR); occurs when unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented Spontaneous Recovery Sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) WILEY VIDEO Learning to Forget © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Terms: Operant Conditioning Voluntary!! Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur Punishment Learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them Weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Important Figures in Operant Conditioning Thorndike Skinner emphasized that reinforcement (which increases the likelihood of a response) and punishment (which decreases it) are always defined after the fact. Law of Effect Thorndike’s rule is that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence. It’s about the CONSEQUENCES! © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Is the Target Behavior Being Reinforced or Punished? Is it Positive or Negative? Scenario #1 Child screams for candy in store. Dad buys candy. Child screams for candy next visit. The TARGET BEHAVIOR: Child Screaming Scenario #2 Child screams for candy in store. Dad buys candy. Child screams for candy next visit. The TARGET BEHAVIOR: Dad Buying Candy © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Differentiating Classical/Operant Conditioning For each of the following examples, decide whether the situation is an example of classical or operant conditioning. I. If you decide the situation seems to be an example of classical conditioning, you should label the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. II. If you decide the situation seems to be an example of operant conditioning, you should identify whether it is positive or negative reinforcement, or positive or negative punishment SITUATION 1 A very bright (mildly painful) light is turned on a rat. The rat has learned that he can turn off the light by pressing a lever on the other side of his cage. As soon as the light comes on, the rat runs across the room and presses the lever. SITUATION 2 When a mother strokes her infant's skin, the stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby. After this goes on for many days, the baby begins to show pleasure responses simply at the sight of the mother (before even being touched). SITUATION 3 A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the food into her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food. SITUATION 4 Johnny has developed a habit of yelling "Bye, Mom" and then slamming the door very loudly in his hurry to leave for school in the morning. The door slam causes his mother to flinch. After several days of the procedure, Johnny's mother begins to flinch at the sound of her son's words, "Bye, Mom." SITUATION 5 Mr. and Mrs. Jones are having a heated argument that both are finding very unpleasant. Mrs. Jones gets up and leaves the room, closing the door behind her. This has the effect of terminating the argument. From then on, every time Mr. Jones raises his voice, Mrs. Jones leaves the room. Mr. Jones stops raising his voice. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Some, but not all, responses are reinforced Example: slot machine Every correct response is reinforced Example: coke machine © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Side Effects of Punishment • Passive aggressiveness • Avoidance • Inappropriate modeling • Temporary suppression versus elimination • Learned helplessness • Increased aggression © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology at Work:using reinforcement and punishment How do I motivate employees and increase productivity? Provide clear directions and feedback Use appropriate timing Be consistent Follow correct order of presentation Combine key learning principles © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cognitive Learning Latent Learning Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs Insight Learning—aha!! Sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution Cognitive Maps Mental Image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated WILEY VIDEO Drive Brain Power © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Observational Learning Observational Learning Learning new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others (also know as social learning or modeling) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neuroscience and Learning Learning creates new synaptic connections in the cortex and wide network of brain structures! Living in enriched environments . . . • Thicker cortex • Increased nerve growth factor • More developed synapses • More dendritic branching • Improved test performance . . . In rats WILEY VIDEO Wiring the Brain © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evolution and Learning Biological Preparedness Innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses Example Taste Aversion Classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Evolution and Learning Biological Constraints Conditioned responses shift (drift) back toward innate responses Example Instinctive Drift Conditioned responses shift (drift) back toward innate responses Can a chicken learn to play baseball?? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology inEveryday Life Classical Conditioning Cockroach phobia? If just looking at this phobia leads to unreasonable, irrational fears, you may have learned to associate the NS (cockroach) with a UCS (perhaps hearing a parent scream at the sight of a cockroach) until a CR (fear at the sight of a cockroach) was conditioned. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology in Everyday Life:Operant Conditioning How is being prejudiced reinforcing? • Gain attention and approval from others • Increase one’s self-esteem at the expense of the victim • People generalize from one negative experience with a specific group member to ALL members of the group • Racist behavior is reinforced on an intermittent schedule and is highly resistant to extinction © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology in Everyday Life:Operant Conditioning Can we learn to control involuntary body responses? In biofeedback training: 1) internal bodily processes (like blood pressure or muscle tension) are electrically recorded 2) information is amplified and reported back to the patient through headphones, signal lights, and other means 3) this information helps the person learn to control bodily processes not normally under voluntary control © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia CyberPsych Animations Classical Conditioning (7:40) This animation briefly discusses and demonstrates Pavlov’s original research discovering the principles of classical conditioning in dogs, as well as discussing Watson’s research with Little Albert and the development of conditioned emotional responses (CERs). © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Web Video Ted Talks: Joshua Klein: The Intelligence of Crows (10:04) Hacker and writer Joshua Klein is fascinated by crows. (Notice the gleam of intelligence in their little black eyes?) After a long amateur study of corvid behavior, he's come up with an elegant machine that, using shaping, may form a new bond between animal and human. Many concepts in operant conditioning are evidenced in this superb presentation! National Geographic Videos: Chimp Outsmarts Tube (0:55) Researchers at Max Planck Institute capture an example of insight learning in a chimpanzee. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Web Video I Want My Sweeties!! (the best condom commercial ever) (0:46) This brief commercial provides ample opportunity to talk about WHO is being positively or negatively reinforced! It also gives you an opportunity to discuss persuasion and the use of conditioned emotional response in advertising. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l5EYY_cyig Original Footage of Watson Conditioning Little Albert (6:21) This short video, developed by a psychology student, provides a wonderful tutorial about classical conditioning and conditional emotional responses, informed by original footage of Little Albert before, during and after conditioning. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI We know that YouTube videos are less stable  So we have not embedded them in the PPT slide show, but offer the links for your testing pleasure at the end, on this page. The Big Bang Theory: Sheldon Trains Penny (2:45) In this clip from the Big Bang Theory in Season 3, Episode 3 (The Gothowitz Deviation) shows Sheldon training Penny using operant conditioning. Short, informative and FUNNY! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4 The Office: Jim Trains Dwight (1:00) In this very short clip, Jim trains Dwight to reach for an Altoid when the Windows ding on his computer sounds. Is it classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or a combination of both? Play this for your students and help then sort it out! http://vimeo.com/5371237 Original Footage of Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment (1:36) Watch this clear demonsration of observational learning in this original footage of Bandura’s experiment. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

C hapter Six

C hapter Six

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