Paragraph 7-9

1. Paragraph 7-9 room 410 Candy Snow Katie Rolling

2. How do you understand the statement that “To learn…is to open oneself”?

3. There is nothing quite so satisfying as undergoing a difficult process and after long hard work discovering the true nature of that process. 因为最令人满足的 莫过于在经历磨难和 长期辛劳之后发现 这一过程的真谛。

4. There is nothing so-----as----- 相当于the most ---is--- 没有----比------更---- Eg : there is nothing so disgusting as cheating in the exam.

5. initiative • n . the ability to make decisions and take actions without asking for the help advice of others (enterprise ) • adj .original ,first ,beginning (initial) • initiate (vt.) initiation (n.) • Eg. He didn’t have the initiative to start his own business . • have the initiative (to do sth) take the initiative (in doing sth ) on one’s own initiative (spontaneously)

6. formulate v . to invent or prepare 构想，规划 (design ,conceive) We formulated our own strategy . throw light upon ,express 系统地阐述 They spent the whole day on formulating strategies. formula n. ①公式，程式②处方，配方 prescription③准则，方案 principle

7. proportion • n. being in proportion 成比例的，相对应的 • adj .proportional be proportional to ;be directly/inversely proportional to Eg: Punishment ought to be proportional to the crime.

8. therapy • the treatment of illness of the mind or body ,esp .drugs or operations • therapist n. (person) • therapeutic adj. (function) • Psychotherapy biochemistry biogeography • Eg .Physical therapy alternates with chemical (therapy) .

9. prior • Coming or planned before • adj . (earlier ,forgoing) Sorry ,I’d love to go ,but I have a prior engagement . adv .prior to We received no notification prior to today’s date .(notice) priority n. have priority over/to sth The search for a new vaccine have priority over other medical research .

10. pitfall • n . a mistake that may easily be made • trap , snare ,pitfall (difference) • Eg. This text presents many pitfalls for the translator . • proverb A fall into the pit ,a gain in your wit .

11. complacency • n . a feeling of calm satisfaction with one’s own ability or situation that prevents one from trying harder (satisfaction) • Eg . Short-term sufficiency lulled them into complacency about the long-term threat . adj .complacent (self- conceited)

12. strain • v. to try (too) hard ;to make (too) great efforts ( tighten ) other meanings: injure ,twist; pull ,draw; force • They strained on the rope to pull the boat in . • n .anxiety ,pressure ,tension (another meaning: force) The old man is now suffering from mental strain . Expression: at full strain (spare no efforts ,go-all-out)

13. Expressions about animals • Bell the cat ,which means the act of taking risks. • Talk horse means talk big • White elephant means heavy burdens • As busy as a bee means on the go ,quite busy. • Pigs might fly and when fish can fly both mean it is absolutely impossible . • Teach fish to swim

14. Americans often use expressions about animals. In two thousand eight, the main candidates for president each used this expression: "You can put lipstick on a pig, but it is still a pig." This means that it is a waste of time to change something from ugly or unpleasant-looking to beautiful. There are other expressions about improving a pig's appearance, like this one: "A hog in a silk waistcoat is still a hog." Hogs are similar to pigs, only bigger. Americans use many other expressions about pigs, hogs and female hogs called sows. Like this one: "You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear." This means you cannot create something valuable from something that has no value.

15. Expressions about pigs • In a pig's eye is another unusual expression. It means something that is not so, or will never happen. Then there is the expression casting pearls before swine. That means wasting something valuable on someone who will not be thankful or care about it. • However, at least one kind of pig can be useful in saving money. It is called a piggy bank. You can buy a small container shaped like a pig. It has a hole where a child can put money into it.

16. Other use of pig terms • Pig terms are also used in American politics. Farmers mark their pigs' ears to identify them. In politics, earmarks are money set aside for projects in a congressman's home state or locality. And politicians might say there is a lot of pork in a budget proposal, meaning wasteful spending. • In many areas, pigs provide ham, bacon and other pork products to eat. All Americans want to be able to bring home the bacon. That means to earn enough money to provide the necessities of life. Experts say this term was first used in the nineteen twenties. But it is believed to come from the much older game of catching a greased pig. This was a popular event at country fairs in which the winner was awarded the pig.

17. Expressions about hogs • Hogs are very large animals. If you say you ate high on the hog during a holiday, it means you ate very good or costly food. If you went whole hog on your trip, it means you did everything possible to have fun. But you should never go hog-wild at any time because that means behaving badly. • Hogs take up a lot of space but people should not take up more than their share. If one of your children is taking up too much space sitting in front of the television, other children might say: "Do not hog the couch." And a road hog is a driver who uses more than his share of the road. Such a driver increases dangers for other drivers.

18. Thank you!