Argument and persuasion persuasive appeals : logic , emotion and ethics

1. Argument and persuasionpersuasiveappeals: logic, emotionandethics

2. Logicsupports a point of vieworproposedactionthroughreasonedarguments and a presentation of evidence: Facts Historicaldocuments Test results Statistics Experttestimony Eyewitnesstestimony surveys

3. One of the major advantages of factualevidence is thatitistransferable. Thoseconvincedbyresearchorstatisticscansharethatdatatopersuadeothers

4. A disadvantage is thatitrequires a highlevel of readerconcentration, attention, time and specializedknowledge. Logicalargumentsareoftencomplex.

5. Emotionusesimages, sensations, orshockappealsto lead peopletoreactin a desiredmanner. Emotionalappealscallonpeople’s deeply felt needs and desires. Creativity Success Independence Conformity Endurance Fear Preservation popularity

6. One of theadvantages is thatitcanproduceimmediateresults. Disadvantagesincludethefactthatit has limited impact, itcanbackfire, and itprovides limited factualsupportforreaderstosharewithothers.

7. Ethicsusesharedvaluestoinfluencepeople. Ethicsmaycallonreasoningbutdonot rest whollyonlogicalanalysis of data. Ethicsreflectdeeplyheldconvictions. Religion Patriotism humanitarianism

8. Ethicalappealscan be powerfulifthewriter is addressing an audiencewiththesamevaluesystem. However, thiscanbecome a disadvantageiftheaudiencedoesn’t espousethesameprinciples.

9. Somestrategiesforappealingtohostilereaders: Openlyadmitdifferences Responsiblysummarizeopposingviewpoints Avoidmakingjudgmentalstatements Pointtosharedvalues, experiences, and problems Askyourreaderstokeep an open mind Worktoovercomenegativestereotypes

10. UNIPOLARITY Meaning ‘Unipolarity in international politics describes a distribution of power in which there is one state with most of the cultural, economic and military influence. This is also called a hegemony or hyper power’. Examples Egyptian Empire from 3150 BC to 664 BC, the Greeks ( 776 BC to 146 BC), the Persian Empire (550 BC to 330 BC), the Roman Empire (31 BC to 5th Century), Mongolian Empire (13th and 14th Century), Ottoman Empire (15th to 17th Century), the French Empire (during the reigns of Louis XIV and Napoleon I) are regional and The British Empire (from the end of Napoleonic wars to the beginning of the 20th Century), The U.S.A. (with the fall of the Soviet Union since 1991) are some of the global examples of Unipolarity. http://politics-themasterscience.blogspot.hu/2012/01/unipolarity-bipolarity-multipolarity.html

11. Pundit The original pundits were highly respected teachers and leaders in India. Their title was taken from the Hindi word pandit, a term of respect for a wise person that itself derives from the Sanskrit pandita, meaning "learned." English speakers began using the form pundit specifically to refer to those Hindu sages as long ago as the 1600s. By the 1800s, they had also extended the term to refer to other sagacious individuals, and now pundit is often used with a hint of sarcasm to refer to informed opinion makers (such as political commentators, financial analysts, and newspaper columnists) who boldly share their views (sometimes at great length) on just about any subject that lies within their areas of expertise. --Merriam-Webster

12. Conventional wisdom is not necessarily true. It is additionally often seen as an obstacle to the acceptance of newly acquired information, to introducing new theories and explanations… (wikipedia)