Steps in Researching

1. Steps in Researching Step by step guide

2. Topic • Decide on a topic or contemplate the topic assigned to you • You know that you are: • Write a biography • You have been assigned a person on which to write MY ASSIGNMENT: Adolf Hitler

3. Begin Researching • Find reliable, valid, credible resources that: • Give you general information • Give you in-depth information on major life events • Allow you to have a general picture of where your in-depth research should go. EX: I need to find Hitler’s dates of birth and death, what major events happened in his life that shaped him, and general facts about him.

4. In-depth Research • Now that you have researched all the general, less-specific information, you should: • Find a focus – for this paper it is on their involvement in WWII and the Holocaust • Investigate Further – find another resource(s) that gives specific, detailed, unusual information about the specific focus you have EX: Although I found major events in Hitler’s life, I know I need to focus on his involvement in creating the Holocaust, so I decide to narrow my search to “HITLER’S RISE TO POWER.”

5. How to filter your focus • What is the concentration of my paper? • Even though you are writing a BIOGRAPHY about this person’s life, you need to specifically focus on their involvement in the Holocaust and WWII. • What resources might help me find this? • What is my concentration now? • What should it be?

7. What Next? • Now that I have narrowed my topic, I need to find a valid, credible, reliable resource that answers my questions. • I MUST be very choosy in finding this resource! • I should not click on the first few hits in Google just because Google automatically identifies it as closest to my search • I should make sure my topic is narrow enough and not too narrow

8. Hitler’s Rise to Power Uh oh! After searching Google, I realize that my topic is FAR too broad still. I must narrow further Hitler’s Rise to Power Creation of Nazi Party

9. Sources I found one REALLY good source that will help me in my bulk of this paper http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/party.htm

10. Now… • I need to read it and take notes on it. • On my DENJ, I should only quote if I plan to quote that line in my paper and I should put quotations around it on my DENJ to remind me • I NEED NOT cite dates or general facts • EX: Hitler was born in Germany or in 1939, the Nazi party was born • THESE ARE CONSIDERED well-known facts and cannot be OWNED by anyone.

11. Taking Notes • What do I want to quote? • Anything that is poetic or uniquely effective in that author’s writing • Something that is phrased so well that it could not be paraphrased. • What do I want to paraphrase? • Everything that is not common knowledge • ONLY THINGS that I do not already know

12. Quoting vs. Paraphrasing Quoting should be used ONLY when what the author said was so efficient or appropriate that you cannot paraphrase it.

13. Why? The first quote was almost poetic because it was an eye-witness account and the author (you) summing it up in your own words would have lost affect. The second quote is the opposite, it could have easily been summed up by the author and the reader is wondering: “why quote this? What is so special about it?”

14. Which is preferable? Paraphrasing is MOST preferable. Again, sometimes paraphrasing loses affect when a quotation holds or emphasizes that affect, but most of the time, paraphrasing is most suitable.

15. So, how can I paraphrase? Paraphrasing is simply “putting in your own words…”

16. Your Turn! • Pairs • You will be given a quote from one of the boot camp articles and asked to paraphrase it. • Remember that just changing a FEW words is NOT paraphrasing…that is disguised plagiarism • Also: Remember to discuss with your partner before you write your paraphrase. • THESE WILL BE GRADED!!!

17. Parenthetical Citation • How do I know I’m “doing it right?” • Can you quote partial sentences? • What if I want to quote part of the phrase but leave other parts out? • Where do I put the author information (within my essay?) and where do I cite the page numbers? • What if I don’t know the author? • How do I accompany my quote with an explanation? • What about citing paraphrasing?

18. How do I know I’m “doing it right?” • Quoting correctly is tough but here are some basic tips: • Find a phrase that not only adequately expresses what you’re trying to say but poetically says what you intend to say • Decide where to use it in your paper • Ensure that the quote is appropriately placed and is not common knowledge or too simplistic • Make sure that your words and phrases flow with the quote’s wording or phrasing

19. Can you quote partial sentences? • YES! • This requires refinement but can be done and is done a lot. See example below Unlike actors and singers, comedians are some of the lowest paid people in the entertainment business. Kathy Griffin put it well when she said that “comedians are the financial redheaded stepchildren of the Britney Spearses and John Travoltas of the world” (2).

20. What if I want to quote part of the phrase but leave other parts out? • You can do this but be careful not to change the message of the author of the quoted phrase! • You can omit words by adding three periods (…) in between. • This should only be used when the information being omitted is unnecessary to make your point but the surrounding information is still important. • SEE NEXT SLIDE

21. Example Having a collegiate education is no longer only a privilege, it is a necessity in our society. Dr. James Monroe of Florida Eastern University said that, “we are in a time when on no longer only needs a high school diploma…in order to make enough money, people need at least a Bachelor’s degree” (1). Phrase omitted: “which itself has lost its earning power in our terrible economy;”

22. Where do I put the author information (within my essay?) • You have two choices on citing references in text • Citing as you introduce the quote • Williams said, “bla bla bla yackity smackity” (205). • Citing at the end • “Bla bla bla yackity smackity” (Williams 205).

23. What if I don’t know the author? Never do the following: Unknown said “bla bla bla” (23). Instead, do this: “bla bla bla” (“title of article” 23).

24. How do I accompany my quote with an explanation? • EXPLAIN! • It’s not enough to just quote that person and then leave the reader hanging, you need to explain WHY you used that quote. • Sum up the quote • Explain its relevance • Expand upon it while explaining its significance SEE EXAMPLE ON NEXT SLIDE

25. Example of Explanation Having a collegiate education is no longer only a privilege, it is a necessity in our society. Dr. James Monroe of Florida Eastern University said that, “we are in a time when on no longer only needs a high school diploma…in order to make enough money, people need at least a Bachelor’s degree” (1). By this, we can ascertain that job markets are less respondent to a high school diploma, requiring more traditional educational experiences for potential employment.

26. What about citing paraphrasing? • Paraphrasing is very similar because you still need to identify the source and the page number. • The only read difference is that it is: • In your own words • Does not have quotation marks • Does not (traditionally) introduce the author in the text but (rather) at the end SEE EXAMPLE ON NEXT SLIDE

27. Example of Paraphrase Citation In California, the state where the lion is most fully protected, 1994 was a particularly bad year. Two women were killed by lions and the year brought a dramatic increase in mountain lion sightings (Johnson 56).

28. YOUR TURN to QUOTE!!! • You will be given an excerpt • Read the excerpt – read it twice!!! • Underline what you MIGHT want to quote • Write a paragraph with a clear thesis where you quote from the article – ONLY ONCE!

29. PRE-WRITING • Having a detailed, well-thought-out pre-write is part of your final grade for this project!!! • You must use one of the following pre-writing strategies. DO NOT just do a draft and expect that to count as your pre-write!!! • Concept map or other graphic organizer (timeline?) • Outlining or bulleting

30. COMMON KNOWLEDGE EXAMPLES • Hitler was born in 1887 in Austria • Hitler was the leader of the Nazi regime NON-EXAMPLE * Hitler convinced most of the German people that Jews were the cause of their problems

31. QUOTES • “after nearly four hours the hall began to empty and the crowd, shoulder to shoulder, began to move, shove, press toward the exit like a slow stream, I knew that now the principles of a movement which could no longer be forgotten were moving out among the German people” (16). • “’For God’s sake, where is God?’ one man said. And from within me, I heard a voice answer, ‘Where He is? This is where – hanging from this gallows...” (87). • “Evil can be defined by the breadth by which one commits atrocities such as murder; if this is true, Hitler is one of the most evil men that has existed in the world.” (1).

32. Paraphrases • Excerpts you want to put in your own words in your essay • REMEMBER: do not simply replace words • Technique: • Read the passage/excerpt • Summarize its main idea in your head • Write that summarization in your own words • Yes, a few words may be identical

33. Explanations • Every quote or paraphrase NEEDS an explanation. • Put them here • “’For God’s sake, where is God?’ one man said. And from within me, I heard a voice answer, ‘Where He is? This is where – hanging from this gallows...” (87). Elie Weisel’s aforementioned description of the result of one boy who tried to retaliate demonstrates the kind of mental intimidation the Nazis used on prisoners of concentration camps.