Presentation Transcript

1. Supply Chain – Decision Phases

   Section 4 part 2
2. The Magnitude In 1998, American companies spent $898 billion in supply chain related activities (or 10.6% of Gross Domestic Product) Third party logistics services grew in 1998 by 15% to nearly $40 billion It is estimated that the grocery industry could save $30 billion (10% of operating cost) by using more effective logistics strategies A typical box of cereal spends more than three months getting from factory to supermarket
3. The Potential In 10 years, Wal-Mart transformed itself by changing its logistics system. It has the highest sales per square foot, inventory turnover and operating profit of any discount retailer Wal-Mart designed its supply chain with clusters of stores around distribution centers to facilitate frequent replenishment at its retail stores in a cost effective manner. Frequent replenishment allows stores to match supply and demand more efficiently than the competition. Wal-Mart has been a leader in sharing information and collaborating with suppliers to bring down costs and improve product availability. The results were impressive.
4. The Impact In 1996, Dell held 31 days of inventory. It now holds only 4 days of inventory.
5. The Impact The Turning Point (The Economist, 9/20/07) “For such a tiny part of GDP, the contents of warehouses has had a surprisingly big effect on its volatility. When industries cut or add stocks according to demand, that adjustment magnifies the effect of the initial change in sales. Stock levels were once much larger relative to the size of the economy, so a small slip in demand could easily blow up into a recession. But thanks to improvements in technology, firms now have timelier and better information about buyers. Speedier market intelligence and production in smaller batches allows firms to match supply to changing conditions. This makes huge stocks unnecessary and minimizes the lurches in inventories that were once so destabilizing.
6. Study of Supply Chain Management Successful supply chain management requires decisions on the flow of information, product, and funds that fall into three decision phases Supply chain strategy or design Supply chain planning Supply chain operation
7. Supply chain network design (How many plants? Location and capacities of plants and warehouses?) Supply chain strategies(Sell direct or through retailers? Outsource or in-house? Focus on cost or customer service?) Product mix at each plant years Workforce & Production planning Inventory policies (safety stock level) Which locations supply which markets Transportation strategies 3 mo.- 1year Production scheduling Decisions regarding individual orders Place replenishment orders Operational daily Decision Phases in a Supply Chain TIME FRAME TYPE TYPICAL DECISIONS Strategic Tactical
8. Supply chain design, planning, and operation decisions play a significant role in the success or failure of a firm Supply chain strategy or design Supply chain planning Supply chain operation Supply chain design decisions are long-term and expensive to reverse – must take into account market uncertainty Supply chain planning decisions use a fixed supply chain configuration to come up with an overall production plan Supply chain operation makes decisions about individual customer orders & daily operations.
9. Study of Supply Chain Management A supply chain is a sequence of processes and flows that take place within and between different stages Cycle view The processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interface between two successive stages of a supply chain Push/pull view The processes in a supply chain are divided into two categories depending on whether they are executed in response or in anticipation of a customer order
10. Cycle View of Supply Chain Processes Customer Customer Order Cycle Cycle view defines the processes involved and the owner of each process Retailer Replenishment Cycle Distributor Manufacturing Cycle Manufacturer Procurement Cycle Supplier
11. Subprocesses in Each Cycle Buyer Supplier markets the product Buyer may return the product Buyer places an order Buyer receivesthe order Supplier receivesthe order Supplier suppliesthe order Supplier
12. Cycle View of Supply Chain Processes Customer Order Process 1. Customer Arrival 2. Customer Order Entry 3. Customer Order Fullfillment 4. Customer Order Receiving Customer Order Cycle Replenishment Process 1. Retail Order Trigger 2. Retail Order Entry 3. Retail Order Fullfillment 4. Retail Order Receiving Replenishment Cycle Manufacturing Process 1. Order Arrival 2. Production Scheduling 3. Manufacturing/Shipping 4. Receiving Manufacturing Cycle Procurement Process 1. Component Order Arrival 2. Production Scheduling 3. Manufacturing/Shipping 4. Receiving Procurement Cycle
13. Differences In the Customer Order Cycle demand is external Scale (and frequency) of an order increases (decreases) when moving further away from the customer Each cycle occurs at the interface between two successive stages Customer order cycle (customer-retailer) Replenishment cycle (retailer-distributor) Manufacturing cycle (distributor-manufacturer) Procurement cycle (manufacturer-supplier)
14. Push/Pull View of Supply Chain Processes Execution is initiated in response to customer orders (reactive) PULL PROCESSES Customer order arrives Execution is initiated in anticipation of customer orders (speculative) PUSH PROCESSES Processes are divided based on the timing of their execution relative to a customer order
15. Processes are divided based on their timing relative to the timing of a customer order They key difference is the uncertainty during the two phases At the time of execution of a pull process customer demand is known At the time of execution of a push process customer demand is not known (and must be forecasted)
16. Push/Pull Processes for the Supply chain of Dell PULL Customer Customer Order Cycle and Manufacturing Cycle Manufacturer Procurement Cycle PUSH Supplier
17. Push/Pull Processes for the Supply chain of Detergent Customer PULL Customer Order Cycle Retailer Replenishment Cycle Distributor Manufacturing Cycle PUSH Manufacturer Procurement Cycle Supplier