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Assessment of Sex Ratio and Perceptions on PCPNDT Act in India: A Comprehensive Study

This study conducted in Rajasthan focuses on assessing the sex ratio of children aged 0-6 years and understanding perceptions regarding the PCPNDT Act. The research includes observations on knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards sex determination, with findings on penalty awareness and misuse responsibility. It also delves into reasons for declining sex ratios, consequences, community perceptions, and societal preferences related to pregnancy outcomes. The study provides insights into differential urban-rural perceptions, societal preferences, and efforts made to have male children. Additionally, it sheds light on the understanding and awareness levels of the PCPNDT Act among medical officers, government officials, and the private sector.

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Assessment of Sex Ratio and Perceptions on PCPNDT Act in India: A Comprehensive Study

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  1. Assessment of Sex Ratio (0-6 yrs.) &Perceptions on PCPNDT Akhilesh Bhargava Director-SIHFW, Jaipur

  2. Sex Ratio

  3. Sex Ratio: India

  4. Sex Ratio: India (1901-2001)

  5. Child Sex Ratio(0-6), 2001, Rajasthan

  6. Study on Sex Ratio assessment & Awareness on PCPNDT Act Conducted by: SIHFW, Jaipur

  7. District Selection criteria: Sex Ratio(2001) • Best & Worst • Sri Ganganagar (-42) • Jhunjhujunu (-33) • Alwar (-26) • Pali (+31) • Jaisalmer (+16)

  8. Sample size:

  9. Respondents

  10. Respondents:2850 • Pvt. clinics : 26 • District level : 130 • Health. Workers: 226 • ANM : 40 • ASHA : 58 • AWW : 78 • LHV : 7 • Med. Officers : 78 • Govt. : 52 • Private : 26 • PRI : 43

  11. Observations • District Authorities • Collector • SP • RCHO • CMO • PMO • BDO • BPM

  12. Areas with low sex Ratio • 26.3% unaware • 26 % said ratio has increased • 47.4 % affirmed increase

  13. Reasons: Increase/ Decrease Increase • Preference for Boys :68% Decrease • Govt. schemes for Girls :33%

  14. Knowledge of penalty on misuse of technique in PCPNDT ActN=130 • Penalty • For Providers :74 -88 % • For Users :60-66 %

  15. Misuse : Whose Responsibility 60 % of Dist. Authorities hold • Medical Officers Pregnant woman + • Motivator, and • Husband / R elative Responsible for Misuse of Technique

  16. Reasons for using USG Indications: • Detection of Cong. Anomalies :82% • H/o Multiple Abortions :53% Contraindications: • Sex Determination :80%

  17. Observations Health Workers(N-183) • LHV • ANM • ASHA • AWW

  18. Understanding of referral Criteria: 65-87% • Bleeding • Delay in Delivery • Placenta expulsion delayed

  19. Enquiry by Pregnant Woman on • Sex determination centre • ANM :87% • ASHA :100% • LHV :67% • Response to query • Illegal • ANM :86% • ASHA :87% • AWW :87%

  20. Awareness on Declining Sex Ratio: 81% • ANM :90% • ASHA :75% • PRI :91% • Responsibility • Society :50% • Woman :28%; 5-10% accuse Doctors • Reasons: • Extension :96% • Economic : 80% • Religious :63%

  21. Consequences of declining Sex Ratio:Health workers feel • Gender Imbalance : 96% • Gender violence/ Crime : 82%

  22. Reasons for female feticide • Male :85 • Dowry :70% • Misuse of technique:60-80%

  23. Awareness of Act • Act-80% Aware (AWW-65%) • Appropriate Authority- reasonable understanding • Undergoing sex determination is punishable • ANM- :95% • ASHA :93% • AWW :93% • LHV :100% • PRI :97% A healthy Reflection of awareness

  24. Community perception

  25. Distribution of Respondents by Sex

  26. Age, sex and urban: Rural differential

  27. % of 0-6yr. Children in area2850 Houses, M-2432, F-2276, SR-935

  28. Preference of pregnancy outcome • Households :2850 • Pregnant women :384 (14%) • Preference: % • 16.7 • 36.2 • 47

  29. USG & Pregnancy • Undergone USG :20.1% • Who asked :Doctor (53.2%) • Where :Govt. facility (52 %) :Private (20%) • Why • Abnormality :2.6 % • Fetal position :15.6 % • Age 35+ : 6.5 % • Sex Determination : 26 %

  30. Sex and age of Urban/ Rural respondents

  31. Societal perceptions and some healthy observations-male respondents

  32. Societal perceptions and some healthy observations-Female respondents

  33. Why are preferred

  34. Desire to have Male child and efforts made • Male • Rural :10.65 • Urban :8.9% Jhunjhunu tops with 16. 2 and 12.5% • Female • Rural :11% • Urban :9.4% • Who do they Contact • Male Urban :Witchcraft/ Ledger man 58% :RMP 23% Rural 75 & 25 • Female- Witch craft: Urban: 100% Rural- 62% RMP : Rural 12.5% 62

  35. Some more Observations • Rural /Urban, Male/ Female : • Aware of Sex Detection – Illegal (R -81,U-90%) • Aware of PCPNDT - (R-50, U-60%) • USG after 2/3 Girls • Rural - Male/female 15% • Urban – Male-20% /Female-18.07% • Gender imbalance leads to Sexual crimes • M/F, R/U 66-74%

  36. Society to understand : Female Feticide illegal • R/U, M/F 80% • Boys and Girls are Equal 79-90%

  37. Medical Officers on PCPNDT • Awareness 100% • Awareness of A/A 85% • Awareness on Penalty 84-90% • Awareness on Committee • Government 60% • Private 85% • Reasons for decreasing Sex ratio • Government Society 69% Doctors 3.8% • Private Society 54% Doctors 3.8%

  38. PCPNDT Act : Some Punctuations • Availability of Act at the Center • Government 33% • Private 89% • Display • Government 57.7% • Private 69.2% • Filling of F Form • Government –PW 7.7% • Private –PW 92.3% • Record (2 Yrs ) • Government 3.8% • Private 34.5%

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