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Introduction

Introduction. Fuel economy improvements directly correlate to reductions in petroleum consumption Average fuel economy of new light-duty vehicles is 72% higher than in 1975 Lighter materials, more advanced engines, hybrid technologies. Lesson 1: Introduction to Fuel Economy. Objectives

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction • Fuel economy improvements directly correlate to reductions in petroleum consumption • Average fuel economy of new light-duty vehicles is 72% higher than in 1975 • Lighter materials, more advanced engines, hybrid technologies

  2. Lesson 1: Introduction to Fuel Economy

  3. Objectives • Define fuel economy • Explain the basic history of fuel economy • Describe how fuel economy improvements may benefit health and the environment • Explain the economic benefits of improved fuel economy • Describe how fuel economy affects energy security

  4. Definition of Fuel Economy • A measure of how efficiently a vehicle uses fuel • Miles per gallon (MPG) • Specific tests used to determine ratings • Affected by vehicle design and operation

  5. Steps to Calculate MPG Fill up your vehicle and clear the trip odometer Drive your normal route Return to the same fuel station and fill up your vehicle, noting the miles on the trip odometer Divide the miles by the gallons that it just took to fill up The result will be your car’s miles per gallon for that driving period. This should be done multiple times to determine your average fuel economy.

  6. Basic History of Fuel Economy • Improvements with evolution of ICE • Early vehicles = simplicity and cost effectiveness • Rising fuel prices around the world • Environmental concerns Figure 1: Rising fuel prices. Source: NAFTC.

  7. 1973 Oil Embargo • OPEC members stopped exporting oil to the U.S. and its European allies • Threats were made to cut oil production by 5% increments until economic and political objectives were met • National maximum speed limit of 55 mph • Petroleum rationing Figure 2: Relative fuel economy begins to decrease above 55 miles per hour. Source: Fueleconomy.gov.

  8. Clean Air Act • Established the EPA • Sets fuel economy and emission standards • National Ambient Air Quality Standards • CO, HC, NOx, PM • Reduce emissions while improving fuel economy

  9. Figure 3: Example of emissions reduction trends for heavy-duty engines. Source: DOE.

  10. Current Energy Crisis • Mid 1980s to 2003: price for barrel of oil = less than $25 • Late 2007: price for barrel of oil = more than $100 • Decline in petroleum reserves, tension in the Middle East, oil price speculation, etc

  11. Figure 4: Petroleum price by year. Source: EIA.

  12. Figure 5: Total U.S. oil supply, 1980-2011. Source: EIA.

  13. Policies • Fuel economy objectives in the next two decades • Reduce emissions and transportation costs • Increase overall fuel economy ICE Evolution • Generally gasoline or diesel powered • Engines have evolved to incorporate fuel efficient techniques

  14. Gasoline Engines • First engines = inefficient and had low power density • Utilization of carburetor • Electronically controlled fuel injection Diesel Engines • Heavy-duty applications • High emitters of pollutant emissions • Engine and exhaust modifications

  15. What Affects Fuel Economy? • Engine and vehicle design • Fuel is used to create energy • Road load equation shows where power is consumed • Consumption increases as engine power increases • Power for accessories and auxiliary equipment Engine Power = Power to Accelerate Vehicle + Power to Overcome Wind Drag + Power to Overcome Road Grade + Power to Overcome Friction + Accessory Power

  16. Fuel Economy Today • EPA tracks emissions for all vehicles • Fuel efficiency per given amount of power • Increased standards put in place by the Obama administration • CAFE regulations

  17. Manufacturer • Must meet emissions requirements and fuel economy requirements • Advances in vehicle technology • Transmission advances (i.e. CVT) • Vehicle weight and size • Vehicle aerodynamics

  18. Consumers • Fuel economy is greatly affected by how the driver operates the vehicle • Strategies to improve fuel economy for all vehicles • Each strategy may contribute a small amount • Some strategies • Proper tire inflation • Unload unnecessary weight • Use cruise control

  19. Information from the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) on fuel economy information can be found online at http://www.fueleconomy.gov/ or by phone at 1-877-377-3463.

  20. Why Consider Fuel Economy Improvements? • Many fuel saving techniques can be implemented at no cost • Required vehicle maintenance • Aftermarket products often do not work • Driving habits

  21. Advantages of Fuel Economy Improvements • Immediate fuel price savings • Less petroleum consumption in the U.S. • Research will create domestic job opportunities

  22. Additional Things to Consider • Some advantages may not give immediate results • Purchasing more fuel efficient vehicles can become costly • Techniques may not be applicable for heavy-duty vehicles

  23. Fuel Economy Benefits • Fuel efficient vehicles offer many benefits • Reduced petroleum consumption • Far-reaching benefits

  24. Health Benefits • Decreased amounts of harmful emissions • Emissions may lead to respiratory illness • PM may be carcinogenic • Efficient vehicles will produce fewer of these emissions

  25. Environmental Benefits • Fewer emissions • Emissions may lead to the formation of smog and acid rain • Decreased GHG emissions

  26. The Federal Trade Commission has several tips for consumers to save money: At the pump, check the owner’s manual for the most effective octane level In the garage, stay up to date on maintenance of the vehicle When shopping around for a new vehicle, be skeptical about any gizmo that promises to improve gas mileage

  27. Economic Benefits • Higher efficiency = lower fuel costs • Many techniques can be implemented at no charge to the driver • Job creation in the research and production sectors • Government mandated emissions standards

  28. To calculate fuel costs and compare savings for two vehicles, take a look at: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/savemoney.shtml

  29. Energy Security Benefits • Reduced dependence on foreign oil • About half of all oil consumed in the U.S. is imported • Stimulates economies outside of the U.S.

  30. Upon completing this lesson, can you: • Define fuel economy? • Explain the basic history of fuel economy? • Describe how fuel economy improvements may benefit health and the environment? • Explain the economic benefits of improved fuel economy? • Describe how fuel economy affects energy security?

  31. Test Your Knowledge • True or False: The higher the fuel economy of a vehicle, the greater distance it may travel in relation to the amount of fuel it consumes. • What is the most common unit of measure for fuel economy? • Proper _____________ of tires can increase vehicle fuel economy. • True or False: Consumers can apply strategies to improve fuel economy only to new vehicles.

  32. Lesson 2: Fuel Economy Policies, Infrastructure, and Sustainability

  33. Objectives • Describe the policies that drive fuel economy improvements • Explain manufacturer and consumer methods for implementing fuel economy improvements • Describe how a basic infrastructure of knowledge and practices can be distributed • Explain how fuel economy improvements relate to sustainability and cost efficiency

  34. Fuel Economy Policies • Policies and laws to deal with and promote fuel efficiency • Reduce air pollution, increase the use of domestic energy • Better driving habits • Laws that pertain to air quality and vehicle emissions standards: • Clean Air Act of 1963 • Air Quality Act of 1967 • Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 • Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 Figure 6: U.S. Capitol building. Source: DOE.

  35. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) • Enacted by Congress in 1975 • Reduce energy consumption by increasing fuel economy • Response to 1973 Oil Embargo • NHTSA and EPA work to set CAFE • Average MPG of a fleet for any given model year • Changing requirements

  36. Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (AMFA) • Government must obtain a number of alcohol and natural gas vehicles for federal fleets • Interagency Commission on Alternative Motor Fuels Energy Policy Act (EPAct) • Enacted in 1992 to accelerate the use of alternative fuels • Increase energy security by using domestic fuels

  37. Fuel Economy Policies of Today • Obama administration raised fuel economy requirements to 35.5 MPG by model year 2016 • Will save approximately 1.8 billion barrels of oil • Target of 54.5 MPG by 2025 • Drastic reductions in fuel consumption Figure 7: President Barrack Obama introduced new CAFE standards in 2011. Source: whitehouse.gov.

  38. EPA Fuel Economy Window Label • New window labels for all new vehicles • Annual fuel cost, average fuel savings, GHG rating, smog rating • Direct consumers to fueleconomy.gov • Tips and practices to increase fuel economy

  39. Figure 8: New EPA window label for consumers. Source: EPA.

  40. Vehicle Technology and Fuel • Fuel type is displayed on window sticker • Gasoline, natural gas, electric, diesel, hybrid Fuel Consumption Rate • Given fuel economy vs. individual fuel economy • Comparison of vehicles • Driving techniques greatly affect fuel economy Figure 9: Other labels for alternative energy sources. Source: EPA.

  41. Figure 10: Gallons per mile measure of fuel economy. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

  42. Alternative Fueled Vehicles • Each fuel has a different energy content by mass • Miles per gasoline gallon equivalent (MPGe) • Miles per gallon for gasoline and diesel

  43. Figure 11: New fuel economy label for electric vehicle with fuel economy in units of MPGe. Source: EPA.

  44. To see all of the new labels, visit http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/docs/EPA_FE_Label-052311.pdf

  45. Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gases • Ratings from 1 to 10 for fuel economy and GHG emissions • Higher fuel economy = better GHG emissions profile • CO2 emissions are given in grams per mile

  46. Figure 12: Fuel economy and CO2 levels. Source: fueleconomy.gov. Figure 13: Scale as seen on window sticker. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

  47. Smog Rating • Emissions can lead to smog formation • New window sticker identifies smog forming emissions as “other air pollutants” • Based on U.S. vehicle emissions standards Figure 14 (left): Smog formed from environmental pollution. Source: DOE. Figure 15 (right): Smog scale for comparison for new vehicle purchase. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

  48. Fuel Economy and Emissions Test Procedures • Light-duty vehicles: chassis dynamometer • Heavy-duty vehicles: chassis dynamometer, engine dynamometer • Five test cycles • City driving • Highway driving • Air conditioning usage • High speed driving • Cold conditions operation • Federal Test Procedure (FTP)

  49. Figure 16: Fuel economy and emissions tests characteristics. Source: EPA.

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