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The Prophetic Messianic Expectation Development, Meaning, Fulfillment

The Prophetic Messianic Expectation Development, Meaning, Fulfillment. Schedule. Messianic Expectation Sep 23 , 30 Oct 7, 14, 21, 28 Nov 4, 11 Early Anointed Ones A Changing Vision Isaiah’s Ideal Post Exilic Views Later Views Christian Understanding.

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The Prophetic Messianic Expectation Development, Meaning, Fulfillment

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  1. The Prophetic Messianic ExpectationDevelopment, Meaning, Fulfillment

  2. Schedule Messianic Expectation Sep 23, 30 Oct 7, 14, 21, 28 Nov 4, 11 Early Anointed Ones A Changing Vision Isaiah’s Ideal Post Exilic Views Later Views Christian Understanding

  3. Approach • Examine the term “messiah,” its use and development in the biblical account of the Jewish people … from Sinai through the prophets. • Examine the history, and interpretation of the book of Isaiah and its lasting contribution to the concept of messiahship and the “Messianic Kingdom.” • In relation to previous texts • Textual requirements • Various interpretations (Jewish and Christian) • Review later (post-biblical) developments. • Talmudic • Historical • Jewish … post-Christian • Review Christian interpretation

  4. References Scripture • Jewish Publication Society (JPS) translation of the scriptures (TaNaKh) 1917. Books • Jewish Literacy … Rabbi Joseph Telushkin (1991) • A History of Israel … John Bright (1959) • History of the Jewish People … Margolis & Marx (1927) • Understanding the Old Testament … Bernhard Anderson … (1957) Thinkers • Philo … Maimonides … Solomon Schechter … Martin Buber On-Line • Jewish Virtual Library

  5. The Scripture(s) • The Hebrew scriptures … the TaNaKh … consists of 24 books … • Torah … Law • Nevi’im … Prophets • Ketuvim … Writings • Generally, Protestants accept a Palestinian canon (39 books … equating to the 24 books of the TaNaKh) … Roman Catholics, et. al., accept the Septuagint (46 books). • Neither “Catholic” … nor “Protestant” … “Old Testaments” equate exactly to the TaNaKh.

  6. TaNaKh • The final form of the TaNaKh was not decided until ~3rd century CE. • By the end of 1st century CE there is clearly “an awareness” of closed canon. Josephus numbers the “sacred books.” The Torah and Prophets were “fixed” while the Writings were still in flux. • Hebrew texts instead of the Greek texts were used, however, by this time, many of the Greek texts were older! This would remain true until the finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. • It wasn’t until 930 CE that the first complete Hebrew Bible, called the Aleppo Codex, utilizing masoretic symbols and ordering was completed … the Masoretic Text. • The earliest authoritative Masoretic text of the Hebrew Scriptures dates to 1009 CE.

  7. The Messianic ConceptFrom The Beginning

  8. Messiah Moshiachמָשִׁיחַ… “anointed” … “anointed one” As with so many other concepts coming from scripture, there is a development … over time … of what the concept entails. • The scripture was not written at a single time … and incorporates many aspects of the Jewish peoples’ own development. One must look at the development … and not simply at current understandings. Today, there is a disagreement … even among Jews about whether the messianic expectation refers to the emergence of an individual Messiah … in the tradition of David … … or … whether the expectation is of a Messianic Era of peace and Jewish fulfillment without the necessity of a personal Messiah to bring this about.

  9. Jewish Development of Thought Talmud Biblical & Post-biblical Mishnah Oral Law Extra/ Post-Biblical Lit Expansion of Thought Deuteronomic Hist Prophets In biblical style Torah Wisdom Lit Bible 2nd cent CE 6th cent CE 10th cent BCE 6th cent BCE 4th cent BCE – 1st cent CE

  10. Christian Kerygma Christians believe that the Messiah has come … • In the earliest Church, there is no creed, no developed Christology, no New Testament, just the preaching of the apostles that … Jesus is the Messiah, Son of God, and that the Kingdom of God is, in fact, at hand. But … have all of the prophetic expectations of Hebrew scriptures been met in the person of Jesus ??? Clearly not … • Christian exegesis and scripture reference is rather selective. To Christians … then how should the proclamation that Jesus is the Messiah be understood?

  11. Messiah - Priest Those specially anointed by God appear early in the Hebrew scriptures … in the Torah. In Exodus Moses is commanded to make special priestly garments for Aaron and his sons … and to have them anointed for a specific service for God. “And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and upon his sons with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto Me in the priest's office.”(Exodus 28:41) This anointing is for a priestly office. There is no king … the freed Hebrew slaves are still in the desert … still far from the Promised Land.

  12. Priestly Office While still in Egypt as slaves … Pharaoh is told numerous times by Moses in response to God’s call to … “Let my people go.” But … these words never stand alone in the book of Exodus. They are connected to an obligation: …that they may celebrate a festival for Me in the wilderness. (5:1) … that they may worship Me in the wilderness. (7:16) … that they may worship Me. (7:26) … that they may worship Me. (8:16) … to worship Me. (9:1) … to worship Me. (9:13) … that they may worship Me. (10:3) JPS This worship comes to be understood as a function performed by an anointed priesthood.

  13. Anointed However, with the freeing of the Hebrew slaves from Egypt, the Jews were free to: • make a lasting Covenant with God … by accepting God’s law (Torah) … … but they grew impatient … and … • made and worshipped the Golden Calf … (for Aaron let them run wild (get out of control)). (Exodus 32:25) • The worshipping of the Golden Calf would lead to the destruction of 3000 of the recently freed Jews.

  14. Aaron When Moses confronts Aaron … “And Moses said unto Aaron: ‘What did this people unto thee, that thou hast brought a great sin upon them?’ And Aaron said: ‘Let not the anger of my lord wax hot; thou knowest the people, that they are set on evil. So they said unto me: Make us a god, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we know not what is become of him. And I said unto them: Whosoever hath any gold, let them break it off; so they gave it me; and I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf.’” (Exodus 32:21-24) Anointing clearly did not protect the anointed one (messiah) from tragic error.

  15. No King But God After the conquest of Canaan there was a time when the tribes of Israel were ruled by judges. The very last verse of the Book of Judges states: “In those days there was no king in Israel; every man did that which was right in his own eyes.” (Judges 21:25) The people wanted a king! “‘Give us a king to judge us.’ And Samuel prayed unto HaShem. And HaShem said unto Samuel: ‘Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee; for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected Me, that I should not be king over them. According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, in that they have forsaken Me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee.’” (1 Samuel 8:6-8) Samuel … prophet and judge … ~1020 BCE

  16. A Warning God tells Samuel what to tell the people … about the king they demand … “… he will take your daughters to be perfumers, and to be cooks, and to be bakers. And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, even the best of them … And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards … And he will take your men-servants, and your maid-servants, and your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work. He will take the tenth of your flocks; and ye shall be his servants. And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king whom ye shall have chosen you; and HaShem will not answer you in that day.‘ (1 Samuel 8:13-18)

  17. Anointed Kingship “But the people refused to hearken unto the voice of Samuel; and they said: ‘Nay; but there shall be a king over us; that we also may be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles.' And Samuel heard all the words of the people, and he spoke them in the ears of HaShem. And HaShem said to Samuel: ‘Hearken unto their voice, and make them a king.’” (1 Samuel 8:19-22) The people want a king so that they can be like everyone else. God warns them. The people demand a king.

  18. Messiah King - Saul “… ‘stand thou still at this time, that I may cause thee to hear the word of G-d.' Then Samuel took the vial of oil, and poured it upon his head, and kissed him, and said: ‘Is it not that HaShem hath anointed thee to be prince over His inheritance?’” 1 Samuel 9:27-10:1 Saul is made king … an anointed one of God … but does not remain loyal to God. --------------------------------------------------------- “And HaShem said unto Samuel: ‘How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from being king over Israel? Fill thy horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Beth-lehemite; for I have provided Me a king among his sons.’” (1 Samuel 16:1) God was not pleased with Saul … a king anointed at God’s command … a messiah … Can an anointed one ... be … un-anointed?

  19. Messiah King - David David is made king: • Mentioned over 1000 times in the Hebrew scripture … 58 times in the Christian scripture Abijam (great-great grandson of David … 4th king of the House of David) • “… and his heart was not whole with HaShem his G-d, as the heart of David his father.” (1 Kings 15:3) “David did that which was right in the eyes of HaShem, and turned not aside from any thing that He commanded him all the days of his life, save only in the matter of Uriah the Hittite.” (1 Kings 15:5) • Bathsheba and Uriah • Nathan … sin is “passed over” … transferred. • Takes “more concubines and wives.” (2 Samuel 5:13) • Cannot build God’s Temple because he has shed blood. (I Chronicles 22:7-8)

  20. David According to Professor Amy-Jill Levine … Vanderbilt University … “A recent book about King David, subtitled ‘Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King’ [Baruch Halpern, 2004] indicates that the biblical figure is … complex. … the biblical portrait of a dynamic king … including the (perhaps invented) victory over Goliath, role in a protection racket; receiver of an eternal covenant relationship with Bathsheba; failure to punish his son Ammon, the crown prince, for his crimes of incest and rape; the civil war prompted by the rebellion of his son Absalom; and his last days as a pathetic figure.” But … “… HaShem would not destroy the house of David, because of the covenant that He had made with David, and as He promised to give a lamp to him and to his children always.” (2 Chronicles 21:7)

  21. David In the history of King David written in the book of II Samuel … David speaks of himself as an anointed one of God … a messiah. • “HaShem liveth, and blessed be my Rock; and exalted be the G-d, my Rock of salvation; Even the G-d that executeth vengeance for me, and bringeth down peoples under me, And that bringeth me forth from mine enemies; yea, Thou liftest me up above them that rise up against me; Thou deliverest me from the violent man. Therefore I will give thanks unto Thee, O HaShem, among the nations, and will sing praises unto Thy name. A tower of salvation is He to His king; and showeth mercy to His anointed, to David and to his seed, for evermore.” (II Samuel 22:47-51)

  22. David Also in the book of II Samuel … David’s last words are recorded in a final prayer: • “Now these are the last words of David: The saying of David the son of Jesse, and the saying of the man raised on high, the anointed of the G-d of Jacob, and the sweet singer of Israel …” (II Samuel 33:1) David is a seriously flawed individual but he has been clearly selected and anointed by God.

  23. Expectation “But the word of HaShem came to me, saying: Thou hast shed blood abundantly, and hast made great wars; thou shalt not build a house unto My name, because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth in My sight. Behold, a son shall be born to thee, who shall be a man of rest; and I will give him rest from all his enemies round about; for his name shall be Solomon, and I will give peace and quietness unto Israel in his days. He shall build a house for My name; and he shall be to Me for a son, and I will be to him for a father; and I will establish the throne of his kingdom over Israel for ever.” (I Chronicles 22:8-10)

  24. Early “Anointed Ones” Aaron … priest … anointed by God’s command … then builds idol (golden calf) for the people. Saul … king … anointed because of the demands of the people … after warning by God … ultimately “un-anointed.” David … seriously flawed … becomes the “messianic type.” Points … • “messiahship” clearly does not demand perfection. • can pertain to priests … kings. • can be “withdrawn.” • seems to apply to a specific “task” in support of God’s people. (the development of God’s Chosen People) • early development …

  25. The Fall of the KingdomsIsraelJudah

  26. The Kingdoms of the Jews • United Kingdom only under Saul, David, Solomon ~1000 BCE. • Kingdom split during reign of Rehoboam. • Northern Kingdom of Israel conquered by Assyrians in 722 BCE. • Ten tribes taken into exile … never to return. • Tribes of Judah and Benjamin remain as the Southern Kingdom (Judah, Judea) until they are conquered by the Babylonians (King Nebuchadnezzar) in 586 BCE. • Temple and Jerusalem destroyed

  27. Israel and Judah Israel (Northern Kingdom) conquered by Assyrians in 722 BCE. Judah (Southern Kingdom) conquered by the Babylonians in 586 BCE.

  28. Establishment of Israel With King Solomon’s death (~ 922 BCE) … Rehoboam takes the throne in Jerusalem … travels to Shechem. • Israel to Rehoboam … “Make the yoke that thy father did put upon us lighter?” (1 Kings 12:9) • Rehoboam’s response … “And now whereas my father did burden you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke; my father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.” (1 Kings 12:11) --------------------------- Ten northern tribes secede from the united kingdom. “… the explosion might have been avoided had Solomon’s son Rehoboam possessed wisdom and tact. But he did not. Instead his arrogance and stupidity made the breach inevitable.” John Bright

  29. Fall of Israel • Last days of the Northern Kingdom. • Jeroboam II (~ 782 - 747 BCE) is king … good times in Israel. • Material prosperity. • Greatest territorial extent of the kingdom. • But … the kingdom was hollow … • Palace revolutions … assassinations • 6 kings in 20 years … some for as short a period as six months. • Israel became a vassal state of Assyria and even formed an alliance against the Jewish kingdom of Judah. • In 722 BCE the kingdom falls to Assyria.

  30. Assyrian Empire ~ 721 BCE

  31. Enter … the Prophets The time from before the conquest of Israel until the fall of the Kingdom of Judah is the time of intense prophetic activity. • Amos • Hosea • Micah • Isaiah … et. al. The prophets chastise the falling away from the covenant of the kings … priests … and people. … but largely to no avail. Before the fall of Israel, alliances are formed that actually pit the two Jewish kingdoms against one another. The people do not act as those of … “the God that brought you out of the land of Egypt.”

  32. A Changing View At Sinai … God gave the Law to his people. The Law was taken to be the literal symbol of the Covenant. “I set before you this day a blessing and a curse.” (Deuteronomy 11:26) • The blessing … if you obey the commandments of the Lord your God. • The curse … if you do not obey the commandments of the Lord your God. Then … the wandering in the desert … the death of Moses … the “conquering” of the Promised Land … the establishment of a “nation” … demand for a king … a falling away ... The Chosen People … under God’s Covenant … began to treat one another worse than they were treated as slaves … in Egypt.

  33. Enter … the Prophets The hope had been for a “vine and a fig tree” for every family.  The society as a whole would be most healthy when each family worked its own land, when all the people were prosperous – none too rich, none too poor. However … by the 8th century BCE … some people had become quite rich, and many others were very poor.  The poor people were dispossessed and mistreated … depersonalized. Enter … the prophets … The prophet is supposed to make us feel uncomfortable by radically criticizing the way things are … with the intent of disturbing our sense of normalcy. The prophets preached “justice” and “righteousness” as the intent of God’s Covenant … rather than Law … rite and ritual.

  34. The Early Prophets Hosea ... Prophet of Israel ~ 755 – 715 BCE • The preaching of Hosea looked toward the loss of Israel to Assyria 722 BCE. Amos … Prophet of Israel & Judah ~ 783 – 746 BCE • Amos, of Judah, preached to Israel about its coming destruction … and preached to Judah that its fate would be similar. Micah … Prophet of Judah ~ 735 – 710 BCE • Preached to Judah that its fate would be that of Israel in the “Babylonian captivity” which would come to Judah in the 6th cent BCE. Isaiah … Prophet of Judah… advisor to kings … 8th century BCE

  35. The Warning “Hear this word that the LORD has spoken against you, O people of Israel, against the whole family which I brought up out of the land of Egypt: "You only have I known of all the families of the earth; therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities.” (Amos 3:1-2) Israel will be punished … “disappears” in 722 BCE. If Judah does not reform … return to the Covenant … and God … it will suffer a similar fate.

  36. Changing View • Before king and nation (13th cent BCE) … messiahship was thought of as an anointment to priesthood … for the proper worship of God … Levitical worship. • The people demand a king (11th cent BCE) and although the kings can bring material prosperity … and security to the people … • In Israel foreign gods were being worshipped … alliances were being formed with heathen nations … • In Judah … the house of David was established … but corruption emerged at all levels … kings … priests … the wealthy … • The Prophets emerge and begin to speak of justice and righteousness as the goal of the Covenant. They critique the society … and look toward someone who can bring the people back to God.

  37. END

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