CHAPTER ONE: THE DISCOVERERS Sc ush standards 1.1

1. CHAPTER ONE: THE DISCOVERERS Scush standards 1.1

2. ANCIENT INDIAN GROUPS • I. THE FIRST DISCOVERERS • A. THE BEGINNINGS • When? Who?? From where?? Why? • 1. ARCHAIC CULTURE GROUPS • (PRE-COLUMBIAN ‘before 1492’) • A. North American (North of the Rio Grande): • Anasazi, Hohokam • Mississippi Mound builders: Hopewell-Adena, Mississippian -- B. Central American and South American: • Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Inca

3. Location of Native American Culture regions • 2. 1492 • CULTURE REGIONS • Far North • Pacific Northwest • California • Great Basin • Desert Southwest • Plains • North Eastern Woodlands • South Eastern Woodlands • NATIVE AMERICAN GENERALIZATIONS:

4. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE GROUPS

5. DISCOVERIES: THE EUROPEAN INVASION • II. 1000 AD Vikings led by Leif Ericson—Vinland (Newfoundland) • Skrellings • Sagas • III. Backdrop for Southern European Discovery • 1000 AD Continental Europe “Middle Ages” Feudalism • Crusades—opened up a new way of life • Renaissance • Commercial Revolution • “middlemen”—Venice, Constantinople, Arab merchants • Age of Discovery • 1. Portuguese Exploration • United, at peace, perfect location • Prince Henry the Navigator “Sagres Navigation School” • Africa; 1488-Dias, 1497 da Gama, 1500 Cabral • 2. Christopher Columbus (Spain) • Theory, the Voyages, results • Inter Caeteras , Treaty of Tordesillas • Amerigo Vespucci—1501 “New World”—Martin Waldseemuller (1507)

6. CONQUESTAND CATASTROPHE • SPANISH CONQUEST: • “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPANISH EMPIRE • Conquistadores and Missionaries • Balboa, de Leon, Cortes, • Magellan’s voyage, Pizarro, • De Soto, Coronado, Mendoza • Spanish Empire “The Golden Age of Spain” • New Global Economy • ENCOMIENDAS, MITA, HACIENDAS • PROTESTANT REFORMATION

7. FRENCH AND DUTCH EXPLORATION • France • 1520s—King determined Treaty of Tordesillas did not apply to France. • Giovanni de Verrazano • Jacques Cartier • War with Spain, War of Religion—Catholics and Huguenots • Samuel de Champlain • Quebec and his vision for the colony • Coureurs de bois v. Jesuits • Jean Baptiste Colbert’s mercantilism • Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette • Robert LaSalle • The Netherlands (The Dutch) • 1609 Henry Hudson • 1624 Ft. Orange (Iroquois) • 1626 Peter Minuit “Dutch West Indies Co.”, New Amsterdam • Peter Stuyvesant • Kiliean Van Rensselaer (Privileges of Patroons)

8. SWEDEN • SWEDISH WEST INDIA COMPANY (Peter Minuet, Samuel Blommaert) • 1630 NEW SWEDEN--FT. CHRISTIANA (Delaware) • Log Cabins • Tobacco • 1655 absorbed into New Netherlands • THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • GOODS ORIGINATING IN THE NEW WORLD GOING TO THE OLD • GOODS COMING FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW

9. THE BRITISH • 1. ENGLISH EXPLORATION • John Cabot--1496 • 2. COLONIAL INTEREST: ENGLAND CHALLENGES SPAIN (MOTIVES) QE I. • 3. EARLY ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION ALL FAILED. [Newfoundland, Roanoke I and II] • 4. WAR WITH SPAIN • Spanish Armada 1588 • 5. TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA • Monarchy--Mercantilism • Merchants—joint-stock companies “East India Tea Company” 1600, Virginia Co. of London 1606 • Commoners--Enclosure Movement 1500s to 1700s • 6. ENGLISH COLONIES: (proprietary, charter, royal) • 1606 Virginia Company of London— proprietary charter from King James I • Dec. 25, 1606, 120 settlers left England on 3 ships.

11. JAMESTOWN • Location of the settlement and orders: • Problems: • John Smith’s Rule • 1609 Charter Revised: • Governor to rule Jamestown from Jamestown –Lord De La Warr • Sold more shares in London Company • Company Servants • 1609-1611—”Starving Time” • Thomas Dale 1611 • Tobacco—John Rolfe • 1618 Head-right System and Representative Govt. • Head right • Indentured servants • House of Burgesses • Introduction of African Slavery • Massacre of 1622 • Charter revoked 1624—Royal Colony

12. THE PILGRIMS (PLYMOUTH) • Their story: • Dissenters • Reactionaries • Radicals • 1619—Company Servants • 1620 Mayflower • Mayflower Compact • Plymouth Colony struggled. • Settled in Nov., Squanto, disease, decent relations with the Massasoit and the Wampanoag Confederacy and hard work allowed them to survive. • By 1670s Indian relations erupted into King Philip’s War. • Thanksgiving Day

13. THE PURITANS • 1. Religious reformers interested in “purifying” the Church of England of Catholic ritual. • 2. Generally upper class with a high degree of political efficacy. As a result by the late 1620s they had become a powerful voice in Parliament. • 1629 forced the King Charles I to sign the English Petition of Right. • But during this same time period they were persecuted against. • 1628 Massachusetts Bay Co. created. • Granted a self-governing charter. • Create a society that the rest of the world will look up “ the city on the hill”.--Boston • Left in 1630: • 11 ship convoy • >1,000 settlers • 1 year of supplies • Government organization: • Commonwealth: theocracy led by John Winthrop. • Legislature= General Court, made up of 100 stockholders (freeman)

14. COVENANT THEOLOGY • Covenant of Works- • When man was created God promised that man would never die but Adam broke God’s covenant—all men deserve damnation. • Led to Moral Codes • Led to “National Covenant”—the destiny of nation was based on the actions of the people. God’s grace shed on those places that obeyed God’s Covenant. • Covenant of Grace- • By God’s good grace, a chosen elect would be saved. • Based on this Massachusetts society was devoted to the common welfare for the good of all. • 1631 several communities around Boston. • 1641 15-20,000 had settled in Massachusetts Bay and had absorbed Plymouth. • NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY • Hard work (Protestant work ethic) • Fear of God • Trade—Lumber, grain, shipbuilding, fishing

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