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3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Learn about how sedimentary rocks are formed through processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation, and understand the classifications of clastic, chemical, and biochemical sedimentary rocks.

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3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

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  1. 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Textbook pp 75-79

  2. All sedimentary rocks begin to form when existing rocks are broken down into sediments. Seventy percent of all rocks on Earth’s surface are sedimentary rocks.

  3. Sediments, which consist mainly of weathered rock debris, are often transported to other places. When sediments are dropped, they are eventually compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.

  4. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks • Sedimentary rocks form when solids settle out of a fluid such as water or air. The sediments eventually become cemented to form rocks.

  5. Weathering, Erosion, Deposition • Weathered sediments usually don’t remain in place. Instead, water, wind, ice or gravity carries them away.

  6. Erosion involves weatheringand the removal of rock. When an agent of erosion – water, wind, ice, or gravity – loses energy it drops the sediments. This process is called deposition.

  7. Compaction and Cementation • After sediments are deposited, they often become lithified, or turned to rock. Compactionand cementationchange sediments into sedimentary rock.

  8. Compaction is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments. Cementation takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments.

  9. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks • Just like igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks can be classified into two main groups according to the way they form. Conglomerate Flint Chalk

  10. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic Sedimentary Rocks are formed from weathered bits of rocks and minerals, like clay or quartz (sand-size or larger). Shale (clay) Sandstone (sand)

  11. Two types of categories of clastic sedimentary rocks are conglomerate and breccia rocks.

  12. A sedimentary rock is called conglomerate when rounded, gravel-sized or larger particles make up most of the rock.

  13. If the particles are angular, the rock is called breccia.

  14. Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks • Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved substances precipitate, or separate, from water solution.

  15. About 90% of limestones are formed from biochemical (organic) sediments. • These sediments are the shells and skeletal remains of organisms that settle to the ocean floor. Chalk formation coquina

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