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Rice Storage Systems

Rice Storage Systems. Joe Rickman and Martin Gummert, Agricultural Engineering, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. Outline of today. Discussion on storage Fill hermetic storage system Evaluate a seed store Determine density of different products Make small seed store

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Rice Storage Systems

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  1. Rice Storage Systems Joe Rickman and Martin Gummert, Agricultural Engineering, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines

  2. Outline of today • Discussion on storage • Fill hermetic storage system • Evaluate a seed store • Determine density of different products • Make small seed store • Take grain samples and analysis for insects • Discuss pest management in storage • Set up some seed germination tests • Seal grain ready for fumigation

  3. Rice production • World – 589 million tons • Asia - 534 million tons • Bag storage - 500 million tons (Total world cereal and pulse production 2,075 million tons)

  4. Present situation Between 25-50% of the total grain value (quantity+quality)is lost between harvest and consumption in developing countries

  5. Quantity Losses in Cambodia(88 on farm studies)

  6. Reasons for post harvest losses • Poor product coming into storage • Poor storage management • Poor quality paddy + poor milling techniques

  7. What is required of a good storage system • Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after drying • Protection from insects, rodents and birds • Ease of loading and unloading. • Efficient use of space • Ease of maintenance and management.

  8. Present on farm storage situation in Asia

  9. Traditional Bag Storage (Indonesia)

  10. Granary (Laos)

  11. Woven Basket ( Cambodia)

  12. Clay Pots (Bangladesh)

  13. Concrete Bin (Bhutan)

  14. Steel Bins (Bhutan)

  15. Bag storage (Philippines)

  16. 17 16.5 16 15.5 15 Equilibrium Moisture Content (%) 14.5 14 13.5 13 12.5 July April June May March August January October February November December September Months Equilibrium Moisture Content (Philippines)

  17. Summarizing existing on farm storage situation • Grain is stored in open systems in bags or open granaries • Grain is exposed to insect,rodent and bird attacks • High equilibrium moisture content >14.0 • Grain is not always protected from rain

  18. Farmers Present Practices • Sell excess immediately after harvest (indebted or poor storage) • Dry grain to 10-11% before storage • Take grain out and re-dry during storage period • Store seed in “sealed” containers

  19. Present commercial storage situation in Asia

  20. Commercial bag storage system • Open to atmosphere • moisture uptake, • pest problems • Store in batches • Clear headways and walkways • Relatively easy to fumigate

  21. Commercial Bulk Storage • Not popular in Asia • Efficient use of space • Easy to control pests?- sealed for fumigation • Less problems with rodents and birds

  22. Commercial hermetic system • Grain stored in bags • Protected against moisture uptake and insects • Rat and pig damage? • Use as harvest management aid • Need O2 monitoring • Big potential in Tropical areas • 5-300 metric tons

  23. Sealed Systems tested by IRRI

  24. Parameters evaluated • In store atmosphere (02) • Grain moisture content • Seed germination • Insects • Grain quality • Farmer uptake

  25. 22 20 18 Claypot 16 14 12 10 200 l drum 8 6 4 25 l 2 drum 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Storage atmosphere (0xygen level) O2 (%) Days

  26. 24 18 Oxygen concentration (%) 12 6 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Storage time (days) Storage atmosphere after opening

  27. 25 20 15 Normal plastic Oxygen Content (%) Vacuum pouch 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Days Storage atmospherePlastic pouches (3kg)

  28. 15 14 13 control % Moisture content 12 Hermetic 11 cooled 10 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 Storage period (weeks) Moisture levels in stored grain

  29. Months Open Storage (bags) Hermetic (5 ton) Hermetic (small) Cold room Air conditioner 0 3.2 8.8 7.4 8.4 3 234 0 1.4 0 1.6 6 114 0.4 1.6 0 3.0 9 54.4 0.4 1.2 0 3.4 12 27.2 2.2 1.2 0 9.0 Live Insect Counts (Insects/ kg) 8.4

  30. Germination: certified seed

  31. 100 80 Traditional 60 Hermetic 40 20 0 Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer Farmer 1 2 3 4 5 On farm Storage Bangladesh(7 months) Germination (%)

  32. 45 Hermetic Open Storage 40 35 Head rice yield (%) 30 25 20 0 3 6 9 12 Months of storage Head Rice Yields (whole kernel)

  33. 54 52 50 48 Whiteness index 46 44 Start 3 months 42 6 months 15 months 18 months 40 Open Hermetic A/C Cold Room Storage treatment Grain Whiteness Index

  34. Summary of results Hermetic storage: • Works for 3kg “plastic bags” – 50ton Cubes • Reduces insects activity (1/kg) • Constant grain moisture content • Increases the life of seed from 6 months to 12 months • Maintains milling quality, • Protects grain from birds and rodents? • NEXT STEP

  35. Adoption by farmers Problem • Farmers will not share a larger storage system • Farmers will not invest in large storage systems • Needs to fit into existing system

  36. Solution- Turn 50kg bag into a hermetic system

  37. Characteristics needed of a storage bag • Capacity 0.08 cubic meter (50kg) • Low O2 permeability • Low water vapor permeability • High puncture strength • High tensile strength • Cost $ US 1/bag

  38. “Plastic” Liner bag • Fits into existing system • Reusable if not punctured • Easily sealed • Use for all grain crops • Reasonable cost

  39. Storage at IRRI Seed • Air conditioned room Grain • Hermetic storage (longer than 1 month) • Open pallets (less than 1 month) 50kg woven plastic bags

  40. Storage Hygiene • Keep storage areas clean. • Clean storage rooms after they are emptied • Placing rat-traps and barriers in drying and storage areas. Cats deter and help control rats and mice • Inspect storage room regularly to keep it vermin proof. • Inspect the stored seeds once a week for signs of insect infestation.

  41. The End

  42. PPTW - Storage activities • Determine density of paddy, husk, milled rice, bran • Evaluate seed storage systems at IRRI • Load and sealing 5 t hermetic storage system (2 groups) • Make small seed storage system (1 per group) • Sample seed store and set up germination test • Sample stored grain and identify insects • Seal grain storage system ready for fumigation

  43. Evaluating Storage Facilities Store 1 Store 2 Store 3 Grain Protection Moisture content Insects Rodents Birds In store Hygiene Storage above floor (pallets) Clearways (0.5m) Batch storing Clean Management strategies Store cleaning after season Bags cleaned, dipped Fumigation options Evaluating a seed store

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