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New World Encounters: From Columbus to European Empires

Explore the motives, means, and adventurers who shaped Europe's encounters with the New World from 1500 to 1800. Discover the impacts on civilizations like the Aztecs and Incas, the slave trade, and the beginnings of colonial empires in the Americas and beyond. Uncover the lasting effects of European expansion on culture, trade, and global perspectives. Journey through the Age of Exploration and experience the collision of worlds that transformed history forever.

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New World Encounters: From Columbus to European Empires

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  1. Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 - 1800

  2. p. 413

  3. On the Brink of a New World • Motives and Means (God, Gold, & Glory) • Adventure: The Spirit of the Renaissance • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) • Economic Motives: Because of Marco Polo, more people wanted access to the East (Silks, Spices, etc.) • (cut out the middle man = lower prices = more profits) • Religious Zeal: “Battle for Souls” • (Catholics & Protestants) • Political Means: Centralized Monarchies • (Spain, Portugal, France, England, and Netherlands) • Technology: • Ptolemy’s Geography (old maps re-discovered) • Compass (China), Astrolabe and Sextant (Middle East) • New Ships “Caravel” (3 masts, different sails, rudder etc.)

  4. p. 416

  5. New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) • In 1415 sponsors the development of a Portuguese Maritime School • Interested in Guns, Gold, God • Bartholomeu Dias • Sailed for Portugal. In 1487, he reaches Cape of Good Hope. • Vasco da Gama • Sailed for Portugal. In 1497, he reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope.

  6. Map 14-1, p. 417

  7. p. 418

  8. p. 418

  9. p. 418

  10. Voyages of the New World • Christopher Columbus • Sailing of Spain, reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492). • Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) • Never realized he was not in Asia, hence “Indians” • Would set the stage for exploration of “New World” • Additional Discoveries: • Amerigo Vespucci (1499-1502 ) • Explorer who discovered that Columbus was incorrect and that this was a new area and not Asia • Ferdinand Magellan & Del Cano (1519-1522) • 1st to Circumnavigates the Earth for Spain. • Francis Drake (1580) • 2nd to circumnavigate the earth but for Great Britain • Henry Hudson (1610) • Discovers the Hudson Bay while looking for a Northwest Passage” • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) • Splits the New World between Spain & Portugal

  11. p. 420

  12. The Spanish Empire in the New World • Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica • The Maya • The Aztecs • The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire • Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) • Montezuma (Montezuma) • Tenochtitlan (Modern day Mexico) • Smallpox • Aztec Empire overthrown

  13. p. 422

  14. p. 422

  15. The Spanish Empire (Cont) • The Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire • Inca buildings and roads (modern day Peru) • Francisco Pizarro (1475 – 1541) • Cuzco • Smallpox • Incas overthrown (1535) • Administration of the Spanish Empire • Encomienda • The Church

  16. p. 424

  17. Chronology, p. 424

  18. Africa: The Slave Trade • Growth in the Slave Trade • Slave trade existed in Africa prior to the European arrival. • Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. • High death rate during transit (Middle Passage) • Olaudah Equiano • The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano • Depopulation of African kingdoms & Warfare • Africans slave traders set the terms of sales • Guns increased tribal warfare • Europeans goods caused African cottage industries to collapse, hence poverty.

  19. Map 14-2, p. 427

  20. p. 427

  21. The West in Southeast Asia • Portugal • Spain • The Dutch and the English • Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

  22. p. 429

  23. p. 430

  24. p. 430

  25. The French and the British in India • The Mughal Empire • The Impact of the Western Powers • Portugal • England • The Dutch and the French • Sir Robert Clive • The East India Company • Battle of Plassey (1757)

  26. p. 432

  27. China & Japan • China • Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) • Qing Dynasty • Western Inroads • Russia • England • Limited Contact • Japan • Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) • Opening to the West • The Portuguese • Initially visitors welcomed • Catholic Missionaries • The Dutch

  28. p. 433

  29. p. 434

  30. The Americas • Spain and Portugal • Jesuits • The West Indies • The British and the French • The “Sugar Factories” • North America • The Dutch • New Netherlands • The English • Jamestown (1607) • Thirteen Colonies • The French • Canada

  31. p. 435

  32. p. 435

  33. Chronology, p. 436

  34. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered • Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa • Less impact in Asia • Multiracial society in Latin America • Ecology • Catholic Missionaries • Conversion of native populations • Hospitals, orphanages and schools • The Jesuits in Asia • Conversions in China • Japan

  35. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors • Opportunities for women • ???? • Economic effects • Gold and Silver • Exchange of plants and animals • Columbian Exchange • Impact on European lifestyle • Chocolate, Coffee, Tea, Rum and Tobacco • European rivalries • Competition for empires • New views of the world • Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map

  36. p. 439

  37. Map 14-3, p. 440

  38. p. 441

  39. Toward a World Economy • Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century • Too much Spanish gold & silver = Inflation • The Growth of Commercial Capitalism • Joint stock trading companies • Primogenitor Laws • New economic institutions • The Bank of Amsterdam • Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) • Agriculture • New food stuff (tomatoes, potatoes, corn, etc.) & products (coffee, tea, rum, etc.)

  40. Mercantilism • Trade don for the benefit of the “mother country” • Economic activity = war through peaceful means • Importance of bullion reserves in a states treasury • Favorable balance of trade (Export more than you Import) • State intervention to protect trade

  41. p. 443

  42. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization • Transoceanic trade very valuable • Intra European trade • Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

  43. Timeline, p. 445

  44. Discussion Questions • Why were the Western European nations so well positioned for overseas exploration? • How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs and Incas? • What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe and the Americas? • What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade? • What was the political & social impact on Africa? • What impact did European colonization have on the colonized? • What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?

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