Early Civilizations of the Americas: Agriculture, Cities, and Empires

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:Migration to the Americas Section 2:Cities and Empires Section 3:North American Peoples Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. Migration to the Americas Essential QuestionHow did agriculture change the lives of early people? Chapter Intro

4. Cities and Empires Essential QuestionHow did the early civilizations of Mexico and Central America develop socially, politically, and economically? Chapter Intro

5. North American Peoples Essential QuestionHow was the way of life of the Native Americans of North America related to their environment? Chapter Intro

6. Chapter Time Line

7. Chapter Time Line

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. How did agriculture change the lives of early people? Section 1-Essential Question

10. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • archaeology • artifact • nomad • migration • maize • carbon dating • culture Academic Vocabulary • source • estimate Section 1-Key Terms

11. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Ice Age Section 1-Key Terms

12. A B Which do you believe came first, agriculture or culture? A.Agriculture B.Culture Section 1-Polling Question

13. The Journey From Asia The first Americans were hunters and gatherers who came from Asia and spread throughout the Americas. Section 1

14. The Journey From Asia (cont.) • Archaeologists, experts in archaeology, believe that many early peoples reached the Americas by crossing a strip of land known as Beringia, which was exposed during the last Ice Age. • As the centuries passed, many people migrated across Beringia and spread out across the Americas. Prehistoric Migrations to the Americas Section 1

15. The Journey From Asia (cont.) • The earliest Americans were nomadswho were skilled at hunting large animals such as the wooly mammoth. • Eventually these mammals began to die out, and early Americans had to find other sources of food. Section 1

16. A B C D During which period of time was the land bridge known as Beringia exposed? A.Ice Age B.Renaissance C.Viking Age D.Victorian Era Section 1

17. Settling Down Agriculture changed the way of life for early Americans. Section 1

18. Settling Down (cont.) • Agriculture began in the Americas about 9,000 years ago as people living in what is now Mexico learned to plant and raise maize. • Using a method called carbon datingto study artifacts, scientists know that permanent settlements arose about 5,000 years ago. Section 1

19. Settling Down (cont.) • Over time, the groups of people living in settlements developed their own cultures. Section 1

20. A B C D Which of the following was NOT a crop grown by early Americans? A.Maize B.Oranges C.Pumpkins D.Beans Section 1

21. Section 1-End

22. How did the early civilizations of Mexico and Central America develop socially, politically, and economically? Section 2-Essential Question

23. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • civilization • theocracy • hieroglyphics • Quechua • quipu • terrace Academic Vocabulary • complex • link Section 2-Key Terms

24. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Olmec • Maya • Aztec • Inca Section 2-Key Terms

25. A B C D Which of the following do you think is most important in the successful development of a civilization? A.A system of writing B.Advancements in agriculture C.Advancements in architecture D.A powerful military Section 2-Polling Question

26. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations of Mexico and Central America flourished long before the arrival of Europeans. Section 2

27. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) • Long before the Europeans arrived in the early 1500s, several civilizations arose in what is now Mexico and Central America. • These civilizations developed complexsystems for the following: • Writing • Counting • Tracking time Maya Mathematics Section 2

28. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) • The three largest and most advanced of the early civilizations were the: • Olmec • Maya • Aztec Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

29. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) • Facts about the Olmec: • Farmers produced enough food to sustain cities containing thousands of people. • Workers sculpted large stone monuments and built stone pavements and drainage systems. Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

30. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) • Facts about the Maya: • Each city had at least one stone pyramid. • Their civilization was a theocracy. • They developed hieroglyphics. • Traders traveled on a network of roads carved out of the jungle. Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

31. The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) • Facts about the Aztec: • They built Tenochtitlán, one of the greatest cities in the Americas. • They were a military empire. • They organized their society around religion. Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

32. A B C Which of the following civilization was still flourishing when the Europeans arrived? A.Olmec B.Maya C.Aztec Section 2

33. The Inca The Inca in South America developed a well-organized empire with a structured society. Section 2

34. The Inca (cont.) • Facts about the Inca: • The Inca state was built on war and the Inca army was powerful. • The Inca Empire had a population of more than 9 million, and built at least 10,000 miles of roads in order to keep the empire linked. The Inca Empire Section 2

35. The Inca (cont.) • Quechua was the official language. • They cut terraces into steep slopes in order to farm mountainous lands. Section 2

36. A B C D How did the Inca record information? A.Using hieroglyphics B.Using quipu C.Using an abacus D.Using the alphabet Section 2

37. Section 2-End

38. How was the way of life of the Native Americans of North America related to their environment? Section 3-Essential Question

39. Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • pueblo • federation • clan Academic Vocabulary • channel • structure Section 3-Key Terms

40. Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Mound Builders • Iroquois Section 3-Key Terms

41. A B Do you feel that you could adapt easier to a cold climate or a warm climate? A.Cold B.Warm Section 3-Polling Question

42. Early Native Americans The Hohokam, the Anasazi, and the Mound Builders were among the most advanced of early North American civilizations. Section 3

43. Early Native Americans (cont.) • Facts about the Hohokam: • Their way of life depended on irrigation channels they dug to carry river water into their fields. • They left behind pottery, carved stone, and shells etched with acid. Section 3

44. Early Native Americans (cont.) • Facts about the Anasazi: • They built pueblos–huge structures made of stone and earth. • They also built dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs. Section 3

45. Early Native Americans (cont.) • Facts about the Mound Builders: • Some of the mounds contained burial chambers, while some were topped with temples. • The Adena and the Hopewell were two cultures that built mounds. • The largest settlement of the Mound Builders was Cahokia. Selected Sites of the Mound Builders Section 3

46. A B C The Mound Builders appeared to be related to which two cultures? A.Anasazi and Hopewell B.Maya and Aztec C.Inuit and Iroquois Section 3

47. Other Native North Americans The early inhabitants of North America developed ways of life that were well suited to their environments. Section 3

48. Other Native North Americans (cont.) • The people who settled in the northern-most part of North America built igloos in the winter, and were hunters and fishers. • Peoples of the West depended on the forest and the sea. • Most of the peoples of the Southeast and Southwest farmed, but the Apache and Navajo were hunters and gatherers. Native American Cultures Section 3

49. Other Native North Americans (cont.) • Peoples of the Plains were nomadic. • Peoples of the East formed complex societies. • The Iroquois and Cherokee had formal law codes and formed federations. • The different members of the Iroquois League were organized according to clans. Section 3

50. A B C D People from which area used horses to hunt and fight? A.Southwest B.Plains C.East D.Southeast Section 3