“Quality Access in Japanese Higher Education and Its Challenges”

1. “Quality Access in Japanese Higher Education and Its Challenges” 8-9 December 2008 OECD/France International Conference “Higher Education to 2030:What Futures for Quality Access in the Era of Globalisation?” Paris, France Professor Tatsuya SAKAMOTOVice-President for International Collaboration and Education Keio University, Japan

2. Outline of Presentation • Introduction • Current Status of Japanese HE • Three Fundamental Challenges : “Universalization” “Globalization” “Underfunding” • Future Scenarios for Quality Access in Japanese HE

3. Keio University : A Profile Founded in 1858 by Yukichi FUKUZAWA (1835-1901) Cf. U. of Tokyo (1877) Waseda U. (1882) Legal status as “university” granted in 1890 Oldest higher education in Japan 6 campuses in Japan, 1 in New York 10 faculties and 14 graduate schools President Yuichiro ANZAI(2001-) 28,000 undergrad., 4,000 grad. Students 2,000+ teaching and 2,700 administrative staff Annual budget of 1.3 billion US dollars Endowment of 3.5 billion US dollars

4. 10 Undergraduate Faculties Letters Economics Law Business & Commerce School of Medicine Science & Technology Policy Management Environment & Information Studies Nursing & Medical Care Pharmacy 14 Graduate Schools Letters Economics Law Human Relations Business & Commerce Medicine Science & Technology Business Administration (KBS) Media & Governance Law School Health Management System Design & Management Media Design Pharmaceutical Sciences Keio’s Educational System

5. Yukichi FUKUZAWA: The Founder（1835-1901) Fukuzawa’s Intellectual Background Modern Western learning (turning from Dutch to English studies) on the basis of traditional Chinese (Confucian) learning Systematic thinking on the origin and nature of Western Civilization Fukuzawa’s Experience of Western civilization Grand Tour over 7 major European Countries for 12 months in 1862 Visited USA twice in 1860 and 1867 A committed internationalist, a minority fighting against the nationalist majority of the time （1835-1901)

6. Keio as Private U. and the National University

7. Major Reforms in HE Policy after 1945 • 1947Law of School Education • 1956 Regulations for the Foundation of University (RFU) • 1984 “120,000 Foreign Students” Initiative by PM Nakasone • 1991 DEREGULATION OF THE RFU • 2004 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CORPORATIZATION • 2006 New Fundamental Law of Education • 2008 “300,000 Foreign Students” Initiative by PM Fukuda • Problem = Non-Existence of Strategic Grand Plan for HE and Its Nature, Social Significance and Future Scenarios

8. National University Semi-Privatization in 2004

9. Japanese Higher Education (HE)at A Glance • 86 National, 75 Public, 593 Private Universities (as of April 1, 2008) • 3 million students (more than 50% of school leavers) are enrolled in the universities • Over 70 % of school leavers go to post-secondary education • Increase of HE enrolments as a result of deregulation of HE notwithstanding the declining number of 18 yrs olds. • Over 70% university students enrolled in private universities

10. Governmental under-funding for HE • 1,060 billion yen for National and 300 billion yen for private universities (= 50 % for national and 10% for private U. budget) • 1% cut every year of National U. Budget • Lowest public financing of HE in OECD countries (0.5% of GDP) • 50 % private U. suffering from under-enrollment of students

11. Negative Impacts of the Recent HE Reforms • Widening Disparities between: > “Old Imperial University” and Regional National University > National U. and Private U. > Stronger U. in general and Weaker U. in general • Declining international status of Japanese HE

12. Globalization of HE in Japan • Increase of foreign students: from 15, 000 (1991) to 120,000 (2005) • Students from China, Korea and Taiwan occupies over 80% • Students from US, France and Germany shares only 2.3 % • Major issues: > Low quality and internationally less than competitive university teaching > Linguistic Barrier > Student housing and Scholarship

13. Best and Worst Scenarios for Japanese HE

14. Thank you for your attention

15. APPENDIX

16. Fukuzawa’s ideals applied worldwide in all fields Keio strives to foster highly skilled and internationally competent and sympathetic leaders in all significant fields of human activity, including the political, economic, academic and cultural arenas Focused and balanced partnerships and alliances Keio collaborates with top universities worldwide without regional bias, while recognizing Asia, North America and Europeas the key strategic regions Strategic enhancement of international presence + Proactive use of overseas offices and satellites + Public relations with an international focus Keio’s Global Initiatives: Three Guiding Principles

17. Keio’s overseas offices and satellites: １２　Bases University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China Yonsei UniversitySeoul, Korea Keio Academy of New York Beijing Office Seoul Office London Office Shanghai Office Singapore KEIO-NUS CUTE Center San Francisco Studio California, USA Office ＝６ Keio Offices Japan Society New York, USA Stanford University California, USA ＝6 Keio DMC Global Studios

18. Keio’s Global Alliances (1) APRU ( Association of Pacific-Rim Universities ) • Consortium of 41 Research Universities in the Region • Chairman: President Yuichiro ANZAI of Keio University • Annual President Meeting and other Various Activities of International Education and Research

19. Keio’s Global Alliances (2) T.I.M.E. network • T.I.M.E. is a network of 51 leading engineering schools, faculties and technical universities • Japan (2) -Keio and Tohoku • Norway (1) • Poland (1) • Portugal (1) • Russian Federation (3) • Spain (5) • Sweden (3) • Switzerland (2) • Turkey (1) • United Kingdom (1) • Austria (1) • Belgium (5) • Brazil (1) • Czech Republic (1) • Denmark (1) • Finland (1) • France (8) • Germany (7) • Greece (2) • Hungary (1) • Italy (4)

20. Keio’s Global Alliances (3) CEMS network • CEMS is a network of 26 world-class academic institutions and more than 50 corporate partners offering international postgraduate students a unique blend of high quality education and professional experience. • CEMS member countries:(each country can be represented by only one institution) - Austria - Belgium - Czech Republic - Denmark - Finland - France - Germany - Hungary - Ireland - Italy - Norway - Poland - Spain - Sweden - Switzerland - The Netherlands - United Kingdom - Australia - Brazil - Canada - China (Beijing) - China (Hong Kong) - Mexico - Russia - Singapore - U.S.A.

21. Keio’s International Collaboration: 221 agreements with all parts of the world +20 +11 +3 +20 +1 +1 +1 +2 +1 +7 +7 +2 +7 +1 +1 +9 +27 +6 +6 +1 +1 +31 +34 +22 +46 +133 partners since 2001

22. Keio’s International Collaboration: 934 Students from all over the world International students by Source Country (As of May 1, 2008) International student enrollment by affiliation

23. Encouraging Keio Students’ Outgoing: Study Abroad Expansion

24. 250 million+ US dollar fundraising campaign now in progress Dramatic increase in scholarships & student housing “Design the Future” Award for International Students - 5 full scholarships awarded for non-Japanese MA students every year 600 and more rooms made available for int’l students Keio’s Initiatives Celebrating the 150th Anniversary: increasing international students

25. Keio’s Initiatives Celebrating the 150th Anniversary: increasing international students • Enhanced quality and service of Japanese language & cultural studies programs - Single most highly regarded program run by Japanese university since 1960’s - Introducing new curricula to meet diversified demands of international students • Constant expansion of international programs offered (5 degree & 4 double-degree) -104 undergraduate and 185 graduate courses now delivered in English