Marine Ecology:

1. Adaptations to life in the ocean Stresses Sex value Salinity Temperature Trophic relationships Movement groups of marine life Body size Reproductive strategies Marine Ecology:

2. Temperature Salinity Dissolved oxygen Light Food Space Need to adapt ecologically (immediate) and evolutionary (over time) Adapt to: • Accommodate physical and chemical environment • Secure food and avoid being eaten • Successfully reproduce Its all about Food, Sex, and Death Stressors to adapt to:

3. Asexual reproduction • Exact copy of self • Fast, no need mates • No diversity • Sexual reproduction • Half self, half other • Complex, slower, need to find mates, costly • Diversity, co-exist with different needs • Hermaphrodites—adults function as both male and female roles • Simultaneous—both active at one time • Sequential—only one active at one time • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lp87hrb-5I VALUE OF SEX—ADAPTATION TO REPRODUCE:

4. Asexual

5. Sexual

6. Animals that change sex—hermaphrodites

7. Free spawn (currents carry gametes) • Guard eggs (mouth, brood pouch) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKJ8Z3UeSPE • Maternal/parental care after hatch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIxGVM_v9i0 • Pair or no pair (promiscuous) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCKug2iu0JQ • Seasonal to all year active • High number of eggs to low number Species—organisms capable of breeding, reproductively isolated from others, produce viable offspring Different Reproductive Strategies and adaptations:

8. What is the best size or age to reproduce at? • How many times should an individual reproduce? • How many eggs should there be per clutch? • How large should the eggs be? • When in the year should reproduction occur? • How to locate a mate? • How can young locate an appropriate habitat? Evolutionary Questions

9. Planktotrophy • Very small and numerous eggs with little yolk. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j5ECTtXCik • Eggs are of low cost to make, so many can be made. The larvae must feed in the plankton column after hatching. • Lecithotropy • Relatively large, few, yolky and costly eggs. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IB9B94zaKo • Some are nursed. • Larvae are non-feeding, simple in form. Found in plankton or benthic Two strategies:

10. Factor Planktotrophs Lecitrophs • Cost to adult Low+ High – • Individual Care of Young N0 + High -,+ • Fitness of juveniles Low - High + • Survival of young Low - High + • Starvation High - Low + • Predation High - Low + • Access to adult habitat Low - High + • Dispersal High + Low -/+ Modes of development

11. A case of 2 sea stars Size at reproduction Egg size Egg number Larval survival Pisaster Large 20-90 mg Millions low Leptasaster Small 2 g 100’s-1000’s high

12. Budding, • Cloning Asexual reproduction

14. Cloning

15. Splitting

16. Hydra budding

17. Fission

18. Select any marine invertebrate • Find out everything about its reproduction that you can find in 15 minutes • Be prepared to discuss this with the class and have a picture of your organism ready to share with us. Mini-project

19. Homeostasis—regulate internal body conditions • Diffusion across a membrane • Isosmotic—internal equals external • Salt animal placed in FW • Water flows into animal and swells • Little or no way of balancing osmotic stress • Limited to regions where no salinity range occurs • Pelagic regions SALINITY—ADAPTATIONS TO SALT

20. Estuary Animal • Handle wide range in salinity • Drink water—excrete excess salt • Salt loss through gills/absorbed also • Kidney function also • Osmoconformers • Internal state constantly changes as external does—must stay in areas of similar salinity • Osomoregulators • Control internal state • Drink water, excrete little urine, excrete salt, kidney and gill function

21. Mostly related to dissolved oxygen and desiccation • Ectotherms—most marine animals—same temp as environment • Endotherms—birds, mammals—set body temp • Increase temp—decrease oxygen TEMPERATURE—ADAPTATION

22. What an individual eats and when it eats it • Producers, consumers, decomposers • Autotroph • Self nourishing • Absorb solar energy • Build high energy organic molecules • Use inorganic molecules (N, P, water, Si) • First tropic level—primary producers • http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=phytoplankton&view=detail&mid=D23AC8B36F068CE6F27DD23AC8B36F068CE6F27D&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR • http://video.about.com/marinelife/Types-of-Algae.htm • http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=algae&view=detail&mid=C02C9B0FEB488B83066DC02C9B0FEB488B83066D&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR Trophic Relationships and food--adaptations

23. Heterotrophs • Consumers and decomposers • Can not make own food from inorganics • Depend on autotrophs • Herbivores—eat autotrophs • Carnivores—eat herbivores • Decomposers—eat detritus • Help cycle nutrients in biogeochemical cycles

24. autotrophs Dissolved nutrients Mixing, upwelling consumers Inputs from rivers detritus Sediment *10% energy efficiency level from one tropic level to the next

25. Benthos • Live on sea bottom • Epifauna (on top of bottom) • Infauna (in sediment) • Nekton (swimming) • Plankton (wanderers) • Current moves • Little ability to swim • Phytoplankton (in photic zone) • Zooplankton (photic and aphotic zones) • Suspension feeders (barnacles ex.) • Depend on small phytoplankton for nutrition • Use many techniques to extract small food particles Types of marine life by habitat:

26. Salt, heat, nutrients, wastes, gases move across surface of marine organisms body • SA/V ( surface area to volume) determines how much and how fast lost or gained…potato cube experiment • High SA/V: smaller size, more diffusion • Low SA/V: larger size, develop mechanisms using respiratory and excretory systems Body size adaptations:

27. Lungs: Marine mammals, Reptiles, Birds • Gills: Fish, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLsmEhnYdM0 • Diffusion: sponge, jellies, some worms Breathing: how do they get oxygen?