How to Use This Presentation

1. How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Fungi Chapter 22 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Section 2 Fungal Diversity Section 3 Fungal Partnerships

4. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Objectives • Listthe characteristics of the kingdom Fungi. • Describethe structure of a typical fungus body. • Identifyhow fungi obtain nutrients. • Relatethe way fungi obtain nutrients to their role in ecosystems. • Distinguishthe ways that fungi reproduce.

5. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Kingdom Fungi • Fungi have four major unique features: 1. Fungi are heterotrophic. 2. Fungi have filamentous bodies. 3. Fungal cells contain chitin, the tough polysaccharide found in the hard outer covering of insects. 4. Fungi exhibit nuclear mitosis.

6. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Characteristics of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

7. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Structures and Nutrients Structures • All fungi except yeasts have bodies composed of slender filaments called hyphae. • When hyphae grow, they branch and form a tangled mass called mycelium. • Each hypha is a long string of cells divided by partial walls. Some species do not have walls between cells.

8. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Penicillium Mold

9. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Hyphae in Fungi

10. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Body Structure of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

11. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Structures and Nutrients, continued Nutrients • All fungi obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes that break down organic matter in their environment. • Many fungi decompose nonliving organic matter, such as leaves, branches, dead animals, and waste. • Other fungi, such as the fungus that causes ringworm, are parasites that absorb nutrients from living hosts.

12. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Reproduction • Fungi reproduce by releasing spores formed sexually or asexually in reproductive structures at the tips of hyphae. • Fungal spores are so small and light that they remain suspended in the air for long periods of time; the wind can carry them great distances. • Fungal spores are haploid. Most spores are formed by mitosis during asexual reproduction.

13. Section 1 Characteristics of Fungi Chapter 22 Sexual Reproduction Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

14. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Objectives • Describethe characteristics used to classify fungi. • Listtwo commercial uses for fungi. • Describethree phyla of fungi. • Distinguishbetween the life cycles of zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes. • Describethe mushroom Amanita muscaria.

15. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Reproductive Structures Based on the types of structures produced during sexual reproduction, fungi can be classified in three phyla.

16. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Reproductive Structures, continued Asexual Reproduction • A fourth group, the deuteromycetes, is composed of fungi in which no sexual stage has been seen. • Traditionally, this group has been called a phylum. • Through the use of molecular techniques, scientists have reclassified most of these asexually reproducing organisms into the phylum Ascomycota.

17. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Types of Fungi Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

18. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Zygomycetes • Members of the phylum Zygomycota are named for the thick-walled sexual structures called zygosporangia that characterize these members. • Zygomycetes usually live in the soil and feed on decaying plant and animal matter. The mycelia that grow along the surface of the decaying matter are calledstolons. • The hyphae that anchor the fungus to the decaying matter are calledrhizoids.

19. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Life Cycle of Zygomycetes

20. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

21. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

22. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Ascomycetes • The ascomycetes are named for their characteristic sexual reproductive structure. The microscopic ascus is a saclike structure in which haploid spores are formed. • Yeast is the common name given to unicellular ascomycetes. • Most yeasts reproduce asexually by fission or budding. In budding, a small cell forms from a large cell and pinches itself off from the large cell.

23. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Life Cycle of Ascomycetes

24. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

25. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

26. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Basidiomycetes • The kind of fungi with which you are probably most familiar—mushrooms—are members of the phylum Basidiomycota. • The basidium is the club-shaped sexual reproductive structure for which the basidiomycetes are named. • Asexual reproduction is rare among the basidiomycetes, except in some rusts and smuts.

27. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Structure of a Mushroom

28. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Parts of a Mushroom Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

29. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes

30. Section 2 Fungal Diversity Chapter 22 Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

31. Section 3 Fungal Partnerships Chapter 22 Objectives • Distinguishtwo symbiotic relationships that involve fungi. • Summarizethe ecological importance of mycorrhizae. • Describelichens.

32. Section 3 Fungal Partnerships Chapter 22 Symbiosis Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

33. Section 3 Fungal Partnerships Chapter 22 Symbiotic Relationships Mycorrhizae • A mycorrhiza is a type of mutualistic relationship formed between fungi and vascular plant roots. • The hyphae help transfer phosphorus and other minerals from the soil to the roots of the plant, while the plant supplies carbohydrates to the fungus. • In the mycorrhizae of most species of plants, the hyphae penetrate the outer cells of the root. The fungus is usually a zygomycete.

34. Section 3 Fungal Partnerships Chapter 22 Symbiotic Relationships, continued Mycorrhizae • In many plants, the mycorrhizae do not physically penetrate the plant root but instead wrap around it. • These nonpenetrating mycorrhizae represent relationships in which a particular species of plant has become associated with a particular fungus, usually a basidiomycete. • These kinds of mycorrhizae are important because they aid the growth of many commercially significant trees, such as pines, oaks, beeches, and willows.

35. Section 3 Fungal Partnerships Chapter 22 Symbiotic Relationships, continued Lichens • A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner such as a green alga, a cyanobacterium, or both. • The photosynthetic partner provides carbohydrates. It is protected from the environment by the fungal partner, which helps it absorb mineral nutrients. • In most lichens, the fungus is an ascomycete.

36. Section 3 Fungal Partnerships Chapter 22 Symbiotic Relationships, continued Lichens • The tough construction of the fungus combined with the photosynthetic abilities of the alga, or cyanobacterium, has enabled lichens to colonize harsh habitats. • Recall that during succession, lichens are often the first colonists. • Lichens are able to survive drought and freezing by becoming dormant. When moisture and warmth return, lichens resume normal activities.

37. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice The chart below shows how the truffle harvest and oak forest area changed in one region over a 40-year period. Use the chart to answer questions 1–3.

38. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart? A. The truffle harvest decreased constantly between 1950 and 1975. B. The truffle harvest decreased most rapidly between 1980 and 1990. C. The oak forest area decreased by 50 percent between 1955 and 1970. D. The oak forest covered 125 km2 in 1970.

39. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of these statements is supported by the data in the chart? A. The truffle harvest decreased constantly between 1950 and 1975. B. The truffle harvest decreased most rapidly between 1980 and 1990. C. The oak forest area decreased by 50 percent between 1955 and 1970. D. The oak forest covered 125 km2 in 1970.

40. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which inference drawn from these data is most likely to be correct? F. Truffles and oak trees are competing for resources in this region. G. Truffles grow better when the forest floor is not shaded by branches and leaves. H. Oak trees grow more slowly when there are many truffles in the forest. J. The presence of oak trees favors the growth of truffles in this region.

41. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which inference drawn from these data is most likely to be correct? F. Truffles and oak trees are competing for resources in this region. G. Truffles grow better when the forest floor is not shaded by branches and leaves. H. Oak trees grow more slowly when there are many truffles in the forest. J. The presence of oak trees favors the growth of truffles in this region.

42. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice, continued 3. Truffles reproduce by producing A. asci. B. basidia. C. zygosporangia. D. buds.

43. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 22 Multiple Choice, continued 3. Truffles reproduce by producing A. asci. B. basidia. C. zygosporangia. D. buds.