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Agenda

This agenda covers topics like cellular respiration, DNA structure and function, protein synthesis, gene expression, and the biosynthesis of molecules. It explores the process of cellular respiration, the pathways involved, and its significance in generating ATP and oxidizing and reducing reactions.

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Agenda

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  1. Agenda • Collect Homework #2 • Go over Cellular Respiration Fill-in • Lecture: • Finish Cellular Respiration, etc • DNA Structure and Function • Lab – Cellular Respiration • Lecture Quiz #4 this afternoon • Lecture – Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression

  2. Cellular Respiration Review • Occurs in all eukaryotes • Generates ATP • Involves oxidation – reduction reactions • Oxidation = loss of electron / H atom; gain of charge • Reduction = gain of electron / H atom; loss of charge C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + ATP

  3. Glycolosis • Takes place in cytoplasm • Starts with glucose • Uses 2 ATP to prepare glucose • Generates 2 NADH • Is this oxidation or reduction? • Generates 4 ATP • NET YIELD: 2 NADH (goes to ETC) and 2 ATP

  4. The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle • Takes place in mitochondrial matrix • Uses Coenzyme A to prepare pyruvate • Completes breakdown of glucose to CO2 • Each molecule of pyruvate processed generates • 4 NADH • 1 FADH2 • 1 ATP

  5. So far… 4 ATP 2 from glycolysis 2 from TCA (2 rounds) 10 NADH 2 FADH2 Glucose 2 from glycolysis 2 from TCA (2 rounds) 2 from TCA prep 6 from TCA (2 rounds) 6 CO2

  6. Oxidative Phosphorylation • ETC: Takes place on inner mitochondrial membrane • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass electrons down ETC • O2 is the final oxygen acceptor • Generates a H+ gradient

  7. Oxidative Phosphorylation • Chemiosmosis: H+ gradient powers ATP Synthase enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP ADP + P  ATP • Yield = 32-34 ATP molecules

  8. So far… 36-ish ATP 2 from glycolysis 32 from ETC / OxPhos 2 from TCA (2 rounds) 0 FADH2 0 NADH Glucose Used up during ETC Used up during ETC 6 CO2 6 H2O From C6H12O2 From O2 (final e- acceptor)

  9. What if there’s no Oxygen? • O2 can’t act as final electron acceptor • ETC can’t happen • Can still get 2 ATP from glycolysis (doesn’t require O2)

  10. What if there’s no Oxygen? • Can generate 2 ATP • Makes 2 NADH

  11. What if there’s no Oxygen? PRESENCE OF O2 • NADH goes to ETC • ABSENCE OF O2 • ETC can’t function • NADH must be oxidized back to NAD+

  12. Anaerobic Respiration • Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen • Oxidizes NADH to replenish NAD+ • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Ethanol Fermentation

  13. Anaerobic Respiration LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION • Occurs in muscle cells • Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)

  14. Anaerobic Respiration AlCOHOL FERMENTATION • Occurs in yeast • Oxidizes NADH to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

  15. Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation

  16. Why we like fermentation Often used by bacteria to make tasty foodies • Used for thousands of years • Method of preserving food

  17. Other Organic Molecules as Fuel for Cellular Respiration • Carbohydrates: Enter at beginning of glycolysis • Examples: Starch, Glycogen

  18. Other Organic Molecules as Fuel for Cellular Respiration Fats: Hydrolyze fatty acids off of glycerol Glycerol glycolysis Fatty Acids  broken into 2-C pieces and sent to TCA 1 g fat yields 2x ATP as 1g starch

  19. Other Organic Molecules as Fuel for Cellular Respiration Proteins: Hydrolyze to amino acids, build more proteins Can be used in glycolysis or TCA

  20. Biosynthesis of Molecules • ATP provides power for biosynthetic reactions • Some are reverse of break-down pathways, some are not

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