charter 3

1. Curso de Inglés charter 3 Autora: Maité Pérez Montes

2. Auxiliary Verbs • List of auxiliary verbs • Some important rules • May and might • Should and would • Can and could • Must • Need • Ought to

3. List of Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary Present Past P. Participle Be am, is, are was, were been Do do, does did done Have have, has had had Can can could been able May may might . . . . . Must must had to had to Will . . . . . would . . . . . Need need didn't need to needed Shall . . . . . should . . . . . Ought ought ought . . . . . Used . . . . . used . . . . .

4. Some important rules • All auxiliaries except be, have and do have the same form in all persons. • Examples: • I can He can We can You can • The negative is formed with the negative particle not after the auxiliary. • Examples: • I must not He has not They do not • The auxiliaries be, have, ought and used are followed by the infinitive with to. • Examples: • They are to go. I have to study. • Tom ought to talk to her She used to talk Greek. • The auxiliaries do, can, may, must, shall and will are followed by the infinitive without to.

5. May and Might • May is used with all persons in the present and future tense. Might is used with all persons in the past tense. • They are both followed by the infinitive without to or by the perfect infinitive (have + past participle). • Examples: • It may happen today. • She thought he might come late. • Harry might have talked to her. • They are used to express permission or possibility. • Permission • May and might are both used to ask or give permission but might is used in a polite way. • Examples: • May I use your telephone? • Yes, you may. / No, you may not. • Might I use your car? • Yes, you might. / No, you might not. • Possibility • May and might are used to express possibility in the present or future. Might expresses a more remote possibility than may. • Examples: • He may come today. They might arrive tomorrow. • May/Might+Perfect Infinitive (have + past participle) are used in speculations about past actions. Might is used to emphasize the doubt and when the main verb is in the past tense.

6. Should and Would • Should and would are used instead of shall and will when the main verb of the sentence is in the past tense. • Example: • You knew how she would be treated. • Should is used to express moral obligation or duty. It is also used to express advice. • Example: • You should pay attention in class. • Would is used to express a polite request. • Example: • Would you close the door, please?

7. Exercises • Write the appropriate auxiliary from the list below. Some of them could be repeated. More than one answer is possible. • When I was a teenager I __________ go to picnics. • He doesn't _________ to tell her the bad news. • She __________ have been a very beautiful bride. • I wonder if they __________ go to see her tomorrow. • Although she is hurt she __________ drive home. • The team ___________ not win the last world cup. • They ___________ warn him it was dangerous. • She __________ have come in the fly that crashed. • Although he is not ill he __________ see the doctor. • You ___________ not get up early in the morning. • Robert and Helen___________ visit Paris this time. • The teacher ___________ have taught us that rule. • We ___________ not come so early to register. • I don't know how he ____________ to write this article. • They ___________ eat out when they studied hard. • ___________you go to Europe every summer?

8. Verbal tenses • Simple present • Simple past • Simple future • Present continuous • Past continuous • Future continuous • Present perfect • Past perfect • Future perfect • Present perfect continuous • Past perfect continuous • Future perfect continuous

9. Simple present • The Simple Present Tense is used to express habitual action in the present. This Tense is often used with adverbs or adverbial phrases of frequency such as: usually, often, never, always, sometimes, on Mondays, every week, twice a week, etc. • With the verb to be • Affirmative Sentences Am I TO BE Is He, She, It ¡Are We, You, They • Examples: • I am in the hospital. • She is at the airport. • Negative Sentences • They are formed by adding the negative particle not after the verb to be. The contracted forms are: isn't and aren't. • Examples: • I am not in the park. • He is not (isn't) in the yard. • They are not (aren't) in the party.

10. Simple past • The Simple Past Tense is used to express actions that took place at a known time in the past. It is also used to express past habits. • With the verb to be • The verb to be in the simple past has two forms: was and were. • was I, He, She, It To Be • were We, You, They • Affirmative Sentences • The verb to be is placed after the subject in affirmative sentences. • Examples: • He was in the new airport. • They were in the new restaurant. • Negative Sentences • The negative is formed adding the negative particle not after the verb to be. • Examples: • He was not (wasn't) in the school. • They were not (weren't) in the new building. • Interrogative Sentences • The interrogative is formed by placing the past form of the verb to be (was or were) before the subject. • Examples: • Was he with her brother? • Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.

11. Simple future • Simple present to express future • This tense can be used for a planned future action or series of actions, particularly when these actions concern a journey. • Example: • We leave here at six and arrive Chile at noon. • Present continuous to express future • These verbal tense is used to express an immediate future. • Examples: • He is playing in the concert tonight. • She is leaving at the end of the week. • The going to form • It is used to express the future with intention. It is formed by using the present participle of the verb to go and the infinitive without to. • Examples: • He is going to play in the concert tonight. • She is not going to leave at the end of the week. • Are they going to study English?

12. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Simple Past. • My parents __________ to Switzerland last summer. (go) • Helen couldn't come because she _________ fever. (have) • He __________ a new car in Amsterdam last week. (buy) • They __________in the Craftsman Fair on Saturday. (be) • The students __________ the test yesterday morning. (do)

13. Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Simple Past. • The tailor _____________ the money to the clerk. (give) • Rose _____________ in the office Sunday morning. (be) • This factory ____________ spare part for those cars. (make) • The salesclerks ___________ the strike on the streets. (do) • The postman______________ the letters in the morning. (bring)

14. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Simple Past. • My parents __________ to Switzerland last summer. (go) • Helen couldn't come because she _________ fever. (have) • He __________ a new car in Amsterdam last week. (buy) • They __________in the Craftsman Fair on Saturday. (be) • The students __________ the test yesterday morning. (do) • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Simple Past. • The tailor _____________ the money to the clerk. (give) • Rose _____________ in the office Sunday morning. (be) • This factory ____________ spare part for those cars. (make) • The salesclerks ___________ the strike on the streets. (do) • The postman______________ the letters in the morning. (bring)

15. Simple future • Simple present to express future • This tense can be used for a planned future action or series of actions, particularly when these actions concern a journey. • Example: • We leave here at six and arrive Chile at noon. • Present continuous to express future • These verbal tense is used to express an immediate future. • Examples: • He is playing in the concert tonight. • She is leaving at the end of the week. • The going to form • It is used to express the future with intention. It is formed by using the present participle of the verb to go and the infinitive without to. • Examples: • He is going to play in the concert tonight. • She is not going to leave at the end of the week. • Are they going to study English?

16. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Simple Future. • She ___________ a biography about him some day. (write) • I hope they ____________ to take him to the school. (remember) • The pressure cooker ____________ in a minute (explode) • Perhaps he ___________ the Statue of Liberty in U.S.A. (visit) • I am sure ___________ they immediately. (identify) • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Simple Future. • I hope she _____________ him anything about the fire. (tell) • The frogman ______________ a child in the island. (harm) • If you hurry a lot you ______________ the train. (miss) • Perhaps she _____________ him at the airport. (recognize) • I am sure he _____________ worse with these pills.

17. Present continuous • This verbal tense is used: • To express an action that is still going on. • To express an action in a near future. • To express a habitual action very frequently repeated with an adverb such as always, continually, etc. • This verbal tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be (am, is, and are) and the present participle (verb + ing). • Important Rules • When a verb ends in a simple e the e is dropped before adding ing. When a verb ends in double ee only add ing. • Examples: • leave -- leaving argue -- arguing hate --hating • see -- seeing agree -- agreeing free --freeing • When a verb of only one syllable has a vowel and ends in a consonant, the final consonant is doubled before adding ing. • Examples: • run -- running hit -- hitting stop –stopping

18. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Present Continuous. • My parents ____________ for Brazil tomorrow. (leave) • He ____________ out of prison next Sunday. (come) • Janet and Joe ___________ a new yacht now. (buy) • The National Games ____________ held next week. (be) • They _____________ divorced for the third time. (get) • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Present Continuous. • The hairdresser_____________ tomorrow afternoon. (dye) • The cook _____________ the pork in small pieces. (cut) • My neighbors ______________ to Las Vegas in June. (move) • The army _______________the Japanese war prisoners. (free) _ My sister______________ for having lost her purse. (cry)

19. Past continuous • This verbal tense is used to express a past action which continued for some time in the past but the exact limits of the action are not known. • The past continuous can also be used in combination with the simple past to express that an action began before another action inthe past and continued after it. It is also used to express a very frequently repeated action in the past. • Examples: • They were working when he left. • He was always asking questions.

20. Affirmative Sentences • Affirmative sentences are formed with the past tense of the verb to be(was, were) and the present participle of another verb (verb + ing). • Examples: • I was studying French. • They were working hard when the fire began. • Negative Sentences • The negative sentences are formed by placing the particle not between the past tense of the verb to be (was, were) and the present participle of another verb (verb + ing). • Examples: • He was not (wasn't) studying French. • They were not (weren't) living alone when he left. • Interrogative Sentences • The interrogative sentences are formed by placing the subject of the sentence between the past tense of the verb to be (was, were) and the present participle of another verb (verb + ing). • Example: • Was she watching the soccer game? • Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.

21. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Past Continuous. • Ann and Rose _________________ about you the other day. (talk) • When I first met her we _______________in college. (study) • She ________________ a pink sweater when he came. (wear) • He fell off the roof while he _______________ it. (fix) • The ambulance got an accident when it ________________ the injured to the hospital. (carry) • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Past Continuous. • They ________________their bikes when the rain began. (ride) • The audience _________________ the dean's last speech. (clap) • The police __________________ to catch the bank owner. (try) • The kids _________________ when the shark was caught. (bathe) • She __________________ the ingredients correctly. (mix)

22. Future continuous • The main use of this verbal tense is to express future without intention. The future continuous can also be used to express an action which will continue for some time in the future without definite limits. • Example: • It will probably be raining when we reach. • Affirmative Sentences • The affirmative sentences in the future continuous are formed using the auxiliary shall / will, the infinitive of the verb to be and the present participle (verb + ing). • Examples: • I shall be waiting for you. • They will be swimming in the beach

23. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Future Continuous. • When she comes I probably ________________ flowers. (pick) • They ________________ to Athens tomorrow midnight. (travel) • Planes __________________ vertically in twenty years. (take off) • In a few seconds the phone ________________ in China. (ring) _ When they arrive it __________________ in Canberra. (rain

24. Present perfect • This verbal tense is used for a past action whose time is not given. It is also used to express an action with an incomplete period of time • Examples: • She has written many stories. • I have seen him this morning. • The present perfect tense may also be used with just to indicate an action recently completed. • Example: • They have just finished the test. • This verbal tense can be used for an action that began in the past and is still continuing. • Example: • He has taught Math for ten years. • Affirmative Sentences • The affirmative sentence in this verbal tense is formed with the infinitive of the verb to have (without to) and the past participle of another verb. • Examples: • I have worked in that hospital. • She has taught English.

25. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect. • I______ just_________ extraordinary news about it. (listen) • She ______ never____________ whisky before. (drink) • He ____________________to Europe ten minutes ago. (go) • Robert ___________________ his right leg three times. (brake) • They _______ never __________their parents alone before. (leave) • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Present Perfect. • I can't go to the party because I _______________yet. (finish) • She ____________________ at her cousin house before. (stay) • The couple __________________ to Switzerland before. (be) • This company __________________ product from Asia. (bring) • The students__________________ this mountain before. (climb)

26. Past perfect • The past perfect tense may be used to show a completed action that happened before some other action in the past shown by a past tense verb. The reference time markers may be given by already, just, yet and by + a specific point in time, or by a second clause in the sentence introduced by before, after and when. • Examples: • He had begun the English course by 2002. • The police had arrived to the building when the fire began. • Affirmative Sentences • The affirmative sentence in this verbal tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to have (had) and the past participle of another verb. • Examples: • I had finished when he came. • When the firemen arrived the fire had begun.

27. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Past Perfect. • When the police arrived the thieves ______________. (go) • The clerk _______________ the car before they came. (sell) • The sun ________________ when they reached the city. (rise) • He ________________ about it before she told him. (think) • She published the poem after ______________ a novel. (write)

28. Future perfect • This verbal tense is used to express an action that at a given time in the future will be in the past. A time expression is always used in this verbal tense. • Examples: • He will have written the novel by Christmas. • They will not (won't) have finished the course in January. • The future perfect tense is also used to describe a state, an activity or a period of time before a second action in the future. Generally there are two expressions of time is this kind of sentence, one is used to express the duration of time and another one to for the endpoint. • Example: • He will have worked in this factory for 25 years next week. • Another use of this verbal tense is to show a completed action that happens before a second action in the future but this second action is expressed using the simple present tense and they are usually linked by a time word such as: when, by or before.

29. Exercises • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Future Perfect. • She _____________ ten pounds by the end of the week. (lose) • My mother________________ my socks by Christmas. (weave) • The meat _______________ when she returns home. (unfreeze) • Rice _______________before the rainy season ends. (grow) • The treasure ________________ by the end of the day. (dig up) • Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Future Perfect. • They _________________ her the money in fifteen days. (give) • She _________________ the damage he made to her. (forget) • They ___________________ the troops in ten days. (withdraw) • The night __________________ when we reach the top. (fall) • They __________________ all the exhibition by midnight. (see)

30. REGULAR VERBS • El pasado y pasado participio de estos verbos se forman añadiéndole las letras ”d” o ”ed” al presente. Estas son las reglas que rigen el pasado de los verbos regulares para su pronunciación:. • Se usa en el final de pronunciación /d/ cuando el verbo termina en vocal o consonante sonora, exceptuando las veces que termina en /d/. Los sonidos sonoros son aquellos en los que vibran las cuerdas vocales. Todas las vocales son sonoras. Las consonantes sonoras pueden identificarse colocando sus dedos a ambos lados de la garganta para constatar las vibraciones. • Se usa /t/ en el final de pronunciación cuando el verbo termina en consonante sorda o no sonora, exceptuando las veces en que la pronunciación del verbo termina en /t/. Los sonidos sordos son aquellos en los que no vibran las cuerdas vocales. • Se usa /id/ en el final de pronunciación cuando el verbo termina en /d/ o /t/. Fíjese que cuando hablamos de las terminaciones de los verbos nos referimos al último sonido en su pronunciación y no en la escritura. Así el verbo appreciate termina en e al escribirlo, pero su pronunciación termina en /t/, por ello se le aplica esta última regla.

31. Accept (aceptar) /id/ • Accuse (acusar) /d/ • Acquaint (informar, poner al corriente) /id/ • Add (sumar) /id/ • Address (dirigir) /t/ • Admit (admitir) /id/ • Advertise (anunciar) /d/ • Advise (aconsejar) /d/ • Agree (estar de acuerdo) /d/ • Aid (auxiliar, ayudar) /id/ • Aim (apuntar) /d/ • Allow (conceder, permitir) /d/ • Alter (alterar, modificar) /d/ • Amuse (divertir, entretener) /d/ • Answer (contestar, responder) /d/ • Appoint (nombrar, designar, asignar) /id/ • Appreciate (apreciar, agradecer) /id/ • Assist (asistir, ayudar) /id/ • Assort (clasificar, poner en orden) /id/ • Attack (atacar, agredir) /t/

32. Follow (seguir) /d/ • Believe (creer) /d/ • Blame (culpar) /d/ • Bless (bendecir) /t/ • Boil (hervir) /d/ • Borrow (pedir prestado) /d/ • Bother (molestar) /d/ • Breathe (respirar) /id/ • Burn (quemar) /d/ • Bury (sepultar) /d/ • Call (llamar) /d/ • Carry (llevar, cargar) /d/ • Celebrate (celebrar) /id/ • Change (cambiar) /d/ • Cheat (engañar, burlar, estafar) /id/ • Chew (mascar, masticar) /d/ • Clean (limpiar) /d/ • Close (cerrar) /d/ • Compare (comparar) /d/ • Complain (quejarse, reclamar) /d/ • Complete (completar) /id/ • Attend (atender, asistir a un lugar) /id/ • Attract (atraer, suscitar) /id/ • Bake (hornear) /t/Connect (conectar) /id/ • Continue (continuar) /d/ • Copy (copiar) /d/ • Cry (llorar) /d/ • Cure (curar) /d/ • Dance (bailar) /t/ • Decide (decidir) /id/ • Delay (retardar, retrasar, demorar) /d/ • Deliver (entregar, repartir) /d/ • Divide (dividir) /id/ • Dress (vestir) /t/ • Drown (ahogar) /d/ • Employ (emplear, contratar) /d/ • End (finalizar, concluir, acabar, terminar) /id/ • Enjoy (gozar, disfrutar) /d/ • Expect (esperar) /id/ • Explain (explicar) /d/ • Finish (acabar, terminar) /t/

33. IRREGULAR VERBS

34. GROUP I

35. GROUP II

36. GROUP II

37. GROUP II

38. GROUP III

39. GROUP IV

40. GROUP IV

41. GROUP V

42. IDIOMS

43. Lesson 1 • Get on: Subirse, montarse, (excepto en auto). • I always get on the bus to work at 34th Street. • Get in: Subirse, montarse, (en auto). • Come on, get in the car right now. It’s raining. • Get off: Bajarse, apearse. • Why don’t we get off the bus right here and walk for a while? • Put on: Ponerse. • Put your coat on before you leave. It’s pretty cold outside. • Take off: Quitarse. • Take your sweater off. The room is warm. • Call up: Llamar por teléfono. • I forgot to call up Paul yesterday. I’d better call him now. • Turn on: Enceder. • Please, turn on the light. It’s too dark in here. • Turn off: Apagar. • Please, turn off the light when you leave the room. • Right away: Inmediatamente. • Dad says that dinner will be ready right away, so we’d better wash our hands and set the table. • Pick up: Tomar, coger, recoger. • Could you pick your toy up before someone falls over it? • Sooner or later: Tarde o temprano. • If you study English seriously, sooner or later you’ll become fluent. • Get up: Levantarse. • At what time should we get the children up tomorrow? • At first: Al principio. • I thought at first that it was Sheila calling, but then I realized it was you.

44. Lesson 2 • Dress up: Emperifollarse, ponerse elegante. • You don’t have to dress up for Bob’s party. • At last: Por fin. • You’re here at last! • Alone at last! • As usual: Como de costumbre, como siempre. • George is late for class as usual. • Find out: Averiguar. • Please, try to find out what time the airplane arrives. • Look at: Mirar, contemplar. • I love to walk along the coastline and look at the sea. • Look for: Buscar, indagar. • Where were you? We’ve spent a long lime looking for you. • All right: Satisfactorio, afirmativo, correcto. • Is it all right to be waiting here? • All along: Desde el principio. • She knew all along that we’d never agree with her plan. • Little by little: Poco a poco, lentamente. • Helen’s health seems to be getting over little by little. • Tire out: Dejar exhausto, agotar. • The weather tired out the runners. • Final exams always tire me out. • Call on: Acudir a, visitar. • Why don’t we call on Sally a little later? • Never mind: No se preocupe, no importa. • Never mind about that. • When he spilled his drink on my coat, I said, “Never mind. It needs cleaning anyway.”