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Emergency First Response. Objectives. Risk Assessment ABCDE Protocol Shock Bleeding Fractures Others injuries. Risk Assessment. Different standards of medical care in developing countries Chaos on the scene Communication problems Limited medical knowledge & equipment Transport.
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Objectives • Risk Assessment • ABCDE Protocol • Shock • Bleeding • Fractures • Others injuries
Risk Assessment • Different standards of medical care in developing countries • Chaos on the scene • Communication problems • Limited medical knowledge & equipment • Transport
SAFE S = Shout for help A = Approach with care F = Free from danger E = Evaluate ABC
EmergencyTransport In case of dangersafety (fireorflood) it is sometimesnecessary to move the patientbeforetreatment Methodes to use are: • Rautek grip • Alternatives
Approach Casualty • Look • Listen • Feel APPLICATION OF THE ABCDE PROTOCOL • A = Airway • B = Breathing • C = Circulation • D = Disability • E= Exposure
Airway and BreathingHead tilt Chin lift and Jaw trust Look Listen Feel 10 sec
Recovery Position • Normal breathing but unresponsive, put patient in recovery position • Check ABC every minute • Protect the patient from outside factors like cold and rain • Get help
Lifesaving Skills Bleeding • Arterial • Venous • Cappilair Shock • Signs and treatment
Types of Bleeding Venous / Capillary Dark red blood Not pulsating Steady blood loss Action Apply pressure Bandage Arterial • Bright red blood • Pulsating • Rapid blood loss Rapid Action • Direct pressure • Pressure points • Tourniquet
Three Types of Bandages • No 1: 6 x 8 cm • No 2: 8 x 10 cm • No 3: 10 x 12 cm
Use of Bandage • Always inspect the wound • Remove nothing from the wound (knife-wood) • Push nothing back into the wound • Use the correct size of bandage • Keep dressings sterile • Bandage not too tight or too loose • Sometimes only to use as cover bandage (strange parts or bone parts)
Pressure Points • A pressure point is a place where an artery runs close to the skin and over a bone • The artery can be closed upon a bone • Most of the time direct pressure is enough • Collarbone • Groin • Upper arm
Tourniquet • In MASS CASUALTY situation, a tourniquet can be used to temporarily control the bleeding until the patient can be evaluated a short time later • Tourniquets are ties used to control bleeding, to completely stop the blood flow to a wound • Tourniquets only work on arm and leg injuries • Tourniquets are usually reserved for the worst bleeding to keep the victim from developing shock • Mark the time the tourniquet is placed
Shock Can Kill Signs of shock • Pale face • Cold, clammy skin • Fast, shallow breathing • Rapid, weak pulse • In extreme cases, unconsciousness Treatment • Lay down the patient, raise and support the legs • Keep the patient warm • Do not give the patient anything to eat or drink • Check ABCevery minute
Disability Keep in contact with the patient! A = Alert V = Verbal P = Pain U = Unresponsive
Fractures A fracture is a broken bone Signs and symptoms • Unusual position, swelling and pain • Inability to move the limb normally • In some cases an open wound
Treatment of Fractures • Immobilisation of the affected area is required • Keep the patient calm and support the injured area • In case of arm fracture a sling can be made to support and immobilise the affected area, which can be tied around the neck. Use a triangular bandage or cloth • Splints (any long firm object) can be used for support and immobilisation, but splinting to another part of the body is the best solution • In case of leg fracture both legs can be tied together • Open fracture: control the bleeding with sterile dressing and, if required, use pressure