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電子儀器與元件使用須知

電子儀器與元件使用須知. 林秉勳. 大部分內容取材 自汪治平 老師「 Working with Electronics 」講義. Circuit Elements. Wires, heat-shrink tubes Resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers Switches, relays Diodes and transistors Integrated circuits and sockets Varistors, fuses Light-emitting diode, neon lamps, meters

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電子儀器與元件使用須知

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  1. 電子儀器與元件使用須知 林秉勳 大部分內容取材自汪治平老師「Working with Electronics」講義

  2. Circuit Elements • Wires, heat-shrink tubes • Resistors,capacitors, inductors, transformers • Switches, relays • Diodes and transistors • Integrated circuits and sockets • Varistors, fuses • Light-emitting diode, neon lamps, meters • Heat sink, mica sheet

  3. American Wire Gauge (AWG)

  4. Color-Code of Resistors

  5. Low-Power Resistor High-Power Resistor Large resistors are often made of long coil of conductors. Watch out the parasitic inductance!

  6. 10-Turn Variable Resistor 3/4-Turn Variable Resistor

  7. Types of Capacitors • Electrolytic (1F-10mF, for low-frequency circuits, polar, leaking, temperature sensitive, should be used with ceramic capacitors in parallel) • Tantalum (1F-500F, low-leakage electrolytic) • Polyester (Mylar) (1nF-10F, general purpose, temperature sensitive) • Ceramic (10pF-0.1F, high-frequency filtering, temperature sensitive) • Polystyrene, polypropylene (10pF-10F, high quality)

  8. Electrolytic Capacitor Tantalum Capacitor

  9. PolyesterCapacitor

  10. PolypropyleneCapacitor Ceramic Capacitor

  11. Transformer Inductor

  12. Rotary Switch Relay

  13. Transistor Diode Integrated Circuit

  14. Tools • Wire striper • Soldering iron and solder • Desoldering tool • Multimeter • Oscilloscope • Drilling machine • Punching machine

  15. Wire Striper Soldering Iron Desoldering tool

  16. Multimeter Oscilloscope

  17. Electric Outlets Neutral Neutral Ground Hot Hot Screw drive with neon lamp

  18. Circuit diagrams • Symbols • Simulation and layout software • Circuit-board fabrication

  19. voltage source transistor resistor capacitor current source diode inductor variable resistor transformer switch variable resistor operational amplifier ground

  20. lamp field-effect transistor AND gate quartz crystal Zener diode OR gate variable capacitor AC power NAND gate inverting amplifier NOR gate fuse

  21. Soldering • Solderable materials: Au, Ag, Cu, Sn • Scraping off oxides • Function of resin • Bad contact • Presoldering • Desoldering

  22. good contact Soldering iron should touch both surfaces. bad contact presoldering to ensure quality

  23. Assembling • Test boards • Posts and angle brackets • Test points • Heat glue • Wire stand • Power line cramp • Shielding • Switch protection

  24. Power Switches

  25. Post Test Board Angle Bracket

  26. Wire Stand Buzzer

  27. Fuse Fuse Socket

  28. Light-Emitting Diode Neon Lamp

  29. Meter Battery Holder

  30. Heat Sink Heat Conducting Paste

  31. RG174Coaxial Cable RG58 Coaxial Cable

  32. Power Line Cramp Cable Tie Heat Shrink Tube

  33. SMA Connector Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_connector • SMA (SubMiniature version A) connectors are coaxial RF connectors developed in the 1960s as a minimal connector interface for coaxial cable with a screw type coupling mechanism.. • The connector has a 50 Ω impedance. It offers excellent electrical performance from DC to 17 GHz.

  34. SMB Connector Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMB_connector • SMB (SubMiniature version B) connectors are coaxial RF connector and are smaller than SMA connectors. • They feature a snap-on coupling and are available in either 50 Ω or 75 Ω impedance. They offer excellent electrical performance from DC to 4 GHz.

  35. RCA Socket RCA Plug

  36. FConnector BNCConnector

  37. MHV Connector MHV with RG-59U cable Ref: http://www.lesker.com • The MHV (miniature high voltage) connector is a type of RF connector used for terminating coaxial cable. • MHV connectors are presently considered by some as a safety hazard because of the possibility of high voltage on the exposed central pin when not plugged in, and because the ground connection is broken before the power connection when demating. • The MHV connector is typically rated for 5000 volts DC and 3 amperes.

  38. SHV Connector SHV5 with RG-59U cable SHV20 with RG-8U cable Ref: http://www.lesker.com • The SHV (safe high voltage) connector is a type of RF connector used for terminating a coaxial cable. • This insulation geometry makes SHV connectors safer for handling high voltage than MHV connectors, by preventing accidental contact with the live conductor in an unmated connector or plug. SHV connectors are used in laboratory settings for voltages and currents beyond the capacity of BNC and MHV connectors. • Standard SHV connectors are rated for 5000 volts DC and 5 amperes, although higher-voltage versions (to 20 kV, 13 amperes) are also available.

  39. LEMO Connector BNC connector Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEMO • The LEMO, a miniature push-pull 50Ω coaxial connector on RG 316 cable, is used in the Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) and Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) standards used in instrumentation for nuclear and particle physics. • The LEMO connector is used as a replacement for BNC connectors in high density designs.

  40. Electric-Field Shielding • Use coaxial cables (RG58, RG174) • Use shielded connectors (BNC, LEMO, RCA) • Use grounded metal case

  41. Why We Need Grounding • In electrical engineering, ground or earth can refer to the reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth. • In powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. • Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic-sensitive devices.

  42. Shielding and Grounding case 3000 VAC 110 VAC circuit transformer

  43. Ground Contamination neutral hot Lab A LabB equipment equipment ground leak earth surface underground water

  44. Supply and Grounding Order Put high-power units closer to the power supply. power supply power amplifier preamplifier anti-coupling circuit

  45. Magnetic-Field Shielding • Use twisted-pair wires to eliminate induction currents • Use cases made of high- metal • Avoid ground loop, use single-point grounding

  46. Function of Twisted-Pair Wires alternating magnetic field alternating magnetic field induced current induced currents cancel

  47. Switch Protection spark inductive load solutions 100Ω varistor 0.05F

  48. Semiconductors P-type Si, Gedoped withB, Al, Ga, In Current formed by moving holes N-type Si, Gedoped withP, As, Sb Current formed by moving electrons

  49. Working Principle of Diodes holes electrons N P forward biasing conducting holes electrons N P reverse biasing non-conducting

  50. Working Principle of Transistors C (collector) E (emitter) B (base) P N N C (collector) E (emitter) electrons B (base)

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