Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • Chapter Preview • 1.1 What is Science? • 1.2 Studying Earth • 1.3 Exploring Earth’s Surface • 1.4 Topographic Maps 1.5 Safety in the Science Laboratory

2. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at • a. the equator. • b. the North Pole. • c. the South Pole. • d. mid-latitudes.

3. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at • a. the equator. • b. the North Pole. • c. the South Pole. • d. mid-latitudes.

4. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes • a. volcanic eruptions. • b. earthquakes. • c. wind. • d. landslides.

5. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes • a. volcanic eruptions. • b. earthquakes. • c. wind. • d. landslides.

6. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun varies with latitude because • a. of fusion in the sun’s core. • b. the sun is a yellow star. • c. the sun is the closest star to Earth. • d. of the sun’s height in the sky.

7. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun varies with latitude because • a. of fusion in the sun’s core. • b. the sun is a yellow star. • c. the sun is the closest star to Earth. • d. of the sun’s height in the sky.

8. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. Much of the energy on Earth is from • a. the sun. • b. Earth’s volcanoes. • c. earthquakes. • d. Earth’s core.

9. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. Much of the energy on Earth is from • a. the sun. • b. Earth’s volcanoes. • c. earthquakes. • d. Earth’s core.

10. A flashlight beam and a ball can model how sunlight strikes Earth. Sunlight strikes Earth’s equator directly. But sunlight is more spread out where it strikes Earth’s polar regions. Explain how this uneven distribution of the sun’s energy affects Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. What is one main source of energy for Earth’s natural processes and living things?

11. High-Use Academic Words n. A particular part of a place or surface In what area of the city is your school located? area

12. High-Use Academic Words In a race, one factor to think about is the distance you will run. factor n. A fact to be considered

13. High-Use Academic Words The scientist predicted that an earthquake might occur at the site. v. To take place; to happen occur

14. Apply It! Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence. Keep your work ____ clean and safe during a laboratory experiment. area 2. Accidents sometimes ____ in a science laboratory. occur 3. Price is a(n) ____ to be considered in buying baseball tickets. factor

15. End of Chapter Preview

16. Section 1: What Is Science? What skills do scientists use? What is scientific inquiry? How do scientific theories differ from scientific laws?

17. Sequoias and Fire • The graph shows the growth of sequoia seedlings in relation to the intensity of controlled burns. Use the graph to answer the questions.

18. Sequoias and Fire Reading Graphs What do the bars on the graph represent? Seedlings in different locations

19. Sequoias and Fire Reading Graphs What does the height of each bar represent? Percent of trees with seedlings

20. Sequoias and Fire Interpreting Data Which level of burn intensity led to the most seedling production? The least seedling production? High-intensity burn; unburned site

21. The Nature of Scientific Inquiry • Scientific Inquiry refers to the many ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather. Pose Questions Form a Hypothesis Communicate Design an Experiment Draw Conclusions Collect and Interpret Data

22. The Nature of Inquiry Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the nature of inquiry.

23. End of Section: What Is Science?

24. Section 2: Studying Earth What are the parts of the Earth system? How is energy transferred in the Earth system? What are the branches of Earth science?

25. Earth as a System • The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere together make up the Earth system. Changes in any part of the system can affect the other parts.

26. Earth as a System

27. Energy Transfer • Energy can be transferred from place to place by moving objects, by waves, or by heat flow. The different forms of energy transfer occur around us constantly. • Moving Objects A moving object such as this baseball transfers energy from the pitcher’s arm to the catcher—or the pitcher’s bat.

28. Energy Transfer • Waves When the fans cheer, sound waves transfer energy as they move through the air.

29. Energy Transfer • Heat Flow Heat Flow transfers energy from the warm air into the cold ice cream, causing the ice cream to melt.

30. Energy Transfer • Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves transfer energy as they carry the TV announcer’s voice and image to people outside the ballpark.

31. End of Section: Studying Earth

32. Section 3: Exploring Earth’s Surface What does the topography of an area include? What are the main types of landforms? How do maps represent Earth’s surface and help find locations?

33. Elevations Across California • On a trip from California’s coast to the Sierra Nevada, you would see many changes in topography as the elevation and relief of the land changed.

34. Types of Landforms • There are three main types of landforms: plains, mountains, and plateaus.

35. What Is a Map? • Maps are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent topography and other features on Earth’s surface.

36. A ratio compares two numbers by division. For example, the scale of a map given as a ratio is 1:250,000. At this scale, the distance between two points on the map measures23.5 cm. How would you find the actual distance? 1. Write the scale as a fraction. 2. Write a proportion. Let d represent the distance between the two points. 3. Write the cross products. 1 xd = 250,000 x 23.5 cm d = 5,875,000 cm Scales and Ratios

37. Practice Problem A map’s scale is 1:25,000. If two points are 4.7 cm apart on the map, how far apart are they on the ground? 117,500 cm or 1.175 km; (1 x d = 25,000 x 4.7 cm) or (25,000 x 4.7 cm) Scales and Ratios

38. Earth’s Grid • Distances around circles are measured in degrees.

39. Earth’s Grid • The equator and prime meridian divide Earth’s surface into hemispheres.

40. Earth’s Grid • The lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can be used to find locations anywhere on Earth.

41. Earth’s Grid • Every point on Earth’s surface has a particular latitude and longitude

42. Links on Landforms • Click the SciLinks button for links on landforms.

43. Links on Latitude and Longitude • Click the SciLinks button for links on latitude and longitude.

44. Latitude and Longitude • Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutlatitude and longitude.

45. End of Section: Exploring Earth’s Surface

46. Section 4:Topographic Maps How do mapmakers represent elevation, relief, and slope? How do you read a topographic map?

47. Mapping Earth’s Topography • Mapmakers use contour lines to represent elevation, relief, and slope on topographic maps.

48. Topographic Map Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about topographic maps.

49. Reading a Topographic Map • To read a topographic map, you must familiarize yourself with the map’s scale and symbols and interpret the map’s contour lines.

50. End of Section: Topographic Maps